Noble-Metal Surfaces for Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence

Noble metal nanoparticles exhibit strong absorption bands, which known as the surface plasmon resonances, result in strong absorption and scattering, and create an enhanced local electromagnetic field near-to the surface of the particles. The surface plasmon resonances are highly dependent on the size and the shape of the metal and the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium. These near field enhancements have given rise to surface-enhanced resonant Raman scattering (SERRS) and metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) (Figure 1). Unlike SEERS, the optimal MEF signal occurs at a certain distance from the surface of the metal nanoparticles. The fluorophores in direct contact with the metal surface are typically quenched. Theoretical and experimental work using rough surfaces and particles has suggested that the distance-dependent enhancement fluorescence intensity is more pronounced for low quantum yield fluorophores.1–8 This enhancement is accompanied by a significantly reduced lifetime. The increased fluorescence intensities accompanied by reduced lifetimes suggest an increased radiative decay rate for the fluorophores interacting with the metals.

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