Endocrine diseases, perspectives and care in Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome is a frequent chromosome disorder in clinical practice. It is characterized by short stature, gonadal dysgenesia and multisystemic involvement, responsible for a high morbidity and reduced life expectancy. The aim of the present paper is to describe the endocrinopathies and major problems at different ages, and to present suggestion for follow-up care in these patients.

[1]  J. Ross,et al.  Prospective Study Confirms Oxandrolone-Associated Improvement in Height in Growth Hormone-Treated Adolescent Girls with Turner Syndrome , 2010, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[2]  T Mori,et al.  [Turner syndrome]. , 1993, Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu.

[3]  D. Cao,et al.  Growth hormone plus childhood low-dose estrogen in Turner's syndrome. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  D. Dunger,et al.  Optimising management in Turner syndrome: from infancy to adult transfer , 2006, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[5]  P. Mulder,et al.  Long-Term Follow-Up of GH-Treated Girls with Turner Syndrome: Metabolic Consequences , 2009, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[6]  C. Gravholt Turner Syndrome and the Heart , 2002 .

[7]  M. Guimarães,et al.  Gonadotropin levels in Turner's syndrome: correlation with breast development and hormone replacement therapy , 2003, Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.

[8]  C. Gravholt,et al.  Increased prevalence of autoimmunity in Turner syndrome – influence of age , 2009, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[9]  U. Boman,et al.  Impact of growth hormone therapy on quality of life in adults with turner syndrome. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[10]  B. Bianco,et al.  SRY Gene Increases the Risk of Developing Gonadoblastoma and/or Nontumoral Gonadal Lesions in Turner Syndrome , 2009, International journal of gynecological pathology : official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.

[11]  Z. Hochberg,et al.  Longitudinal analysis of growth over the first 3 years of life in Turner's syndrome. , 2000, The Journal of pediatrics.

[12]  N. M. Lau,et al.  Feasibility of fertility preservation in young females with Turner syndrome. , 2009, Reproductive biomedicine online.

[13]  D. Stephure Impact of growth hormone supplementation on adult height in turner syndrome: results of the Canadian randomized controlled trial. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[14]  M. Sauer,et al.  Pregnancy in a woman with turner mosaicism following ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization , 1996, Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics.

[15]  M. Davenport,et al.  Approach to the patient with Turner syndrome. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[16]  J. Coste,et al.  Adult height and pubertal growth in Turner syndrome after treatment with recombinant growth hormone. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[17]  I. Glass,et al.  The short stature homeobox gene SHOX is involved in skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome. , 2000, Human molecular genetics.

[18]  J. Aharon-Peretz,et al.  Androgen replacement therapy in Turner syndrome: a pilot study. , 2009, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[19]  M. Guimarães,et al.  IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS generation test in Turner syndrome. , 2007, Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society.

[20]  C. Gravholt,et al.  Morbidity in Turner syndrome. , 1998, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[21]  A. Pasquino,et al.  Pregnancy in patients with Turner's syndrome: six new cases and review of literature. , 1998, Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.

[22]  J. Frane,et al.  Six-year results of a randomized, prospective trial of human growth hormone and oxandrolone in Turner syndrome. , 1992, The Journal of pediatrics.

[23]  C. Stratakis,et al.  Bone mineral density and fractures in Turner syndrome. , 2003, The American journal of medicine.

[24]  C. Gravholt,et al.  Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adult Turner's Syndrome: The impact of sex hormone replacement , 1998, Diabetes Care.

[25]  J. Troendle,et al.  Selective reduction in cortical bone mineral density in turner syndrome independent of ovarian hormone deficiency. , 2003, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[26]  Brenda J. Crowe,et al.  Growth hormone treatment of early growth failure in toddlers with Turner syndrome: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. , 2007, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[27]  Svend Juul,et al.  Prevalence, incidence, diagnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[28]  C. Bondy,et al.  Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. , 2007, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[29]  G. Rappold,et al.  Hormones and Genes of Importance in Bone Physiology and Their Influence on Bone Mineralization and Growth in Turner Syndrome , 2010, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[30]  M. Quon,et al.  Impaired insulin secretion in the Turner metabolic syndrome. , 2004, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[31]  C. Selmi,et al.  X Chromosome Monosomy: A Common Mechanism for Autoimmune Diseases1 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[32]  C. Gravholt Turner syndrome and the heart: cardiovascular complications and treatment strategies. , 2002, American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions.

[33]  G. Conway,et al.  The impact of obesity on cardiovascular risk factors in Turner's syndrome , 1998, Clinical endocrinology.

[34]  B. Mendonca,et al.  High degree of discordance between three-dimensional and two-dimensional lumbar spine bone mineral density in Turner's syndrome. , 2005, Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

[35]  Z. Hochberg,et al.  Normal DXA bone mineral density but frail cortical bone in Turner's syndrome , 2007, Clinical endocrinology.

[36]  Daynna J Wolff,et al.  Laboratory guideline for Turner syndrome , 2010, Genetics in Medicine.

[37]  M. Guimarães,et al.  The correlation of the IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS generation test to height velocity after 6 months of recombinant growth hormone therapy in girls with Turner syndrome. , 2006, Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society.

[38]  R. de Mey,et al.  Mortality ratios, life expectancy, and causes of death in patients with Turner's syndrome. , 1986, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[39]  Mark S. Anderson,et al.  The role of X-linked FOXP3 in the autoimmune susceptibility of Turner Syndrome patients. , 2009, Clinical immunology.

[40]  L. Cuttler,et al.  Somatomedin-C levels in children and adolescents with gonadal dysgenesis: differences from age-matched normal females and effect of chronic estrogen replacement therapy. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[41]  Gary D. Smith,et al.  Oocyte cryopreservation in a woman with mosaic Turner syndrome: a case report. , 2008, The Journal of reproductive medicine.

[42]  R. Pratesi,et al.  Screening for celiac disease among patients with Turner syndrome in Brasília, DF, midwest region of Brazil. , 2010, Arquivos de gastroenterologia.

[43]  L. Wilhelmsen,et al.  Osteoporosis and Fractures in Turner Syndrome—Importance of Growth Promoting and Oestrogen Therapy , 2000 .

[44]  L. Mosekilde,et al.  Long-term hormone replacement therapy preserves bone mineral density in Turner syndrome. , 2009, European journal of endocrinology.

[45]  J. Mckillop,et al.  An increased incidence of thyroid antibodies in patients with Turner's syndrome and their first degree relatives. , 1996, Autoimmunity.

[46]  J. Ross,et al.  Differences in follicle-stimulating hormone secretion between 45,X monosomy Turner syndrome and 45,X/46,XX mosaicism are evident at an early age. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[47]  Kristian Havmand Mortensen,et al.  Turner syndrome and clinical treatment. , 2008, British medical bulletin.

[48]  L. Wilhelmsen,et al.  Hypothyroidism is common in turner syndrome: results of a five-year follow-up. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[49]  A. Maciel-Guerra,et al.  Turner's Syndrome and Thyroid Disease: A Transverse Study of Pediatric Patients in Brazil , 2000, Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM.

[50]  L. Bachrach,et al.  Bone mineralization in childhood and adolescence. , 1993, Current opinion in pediatrics.

[51]  C. Cooper,et al.  Reduced cortical bone density with normal trabecular bone density in girls with Turner syndrome , 2010, Osteoporosis International.

[52]  M. Guimarães,et al.  Effect of Puberty on the Relationship between Bone Markers of Turnover and Bone Mineral Density in Turner’s Syndrome , 2004, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[53]  S. van Buuren,et al.  Efficacy and safety of oxandrolone in growth hormone-treated girls with turner syndrome. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[54]  N. M. Lau,et al.  Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue and in vitro matured oocytes in a female with mosaic Turner syndrome: Case Report. , 2007, Human reproduction.

[55]  R. Lanes,et al.  Serum lipids, lipoprotein lp(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in patients with Turner's syndrome before and during growth hormone and estrogen therapy. , 1997, Fertility and sterility.

[56]  J. Frane,et al.  Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in Turner syndrome: effect of therapy with growth hormone, oxandrolone, and a combination of both. , 1988, The Journal of pediatrics.

[57]  M. Gussinyé,et al.  Low Areal Bone Mineral Density Values in Adolescents and Young Adult Turner Syndrome Patients Increase after Long-Term Transdermal Estradiol Therapy , 2000, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[58]  R. Marcus,et al.  Turner syndrome adolescents receiving growth hormone are not osteopenic. , 1993, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[59]  C. Bondy Turner Syndrome 2008 , 2009, Hormone Research in Paediatrics.

[60]  L. Mosekilde,et al.  Body composition is distinctly altered in Turner syndrome: relations to glucose metabolism, circulating adipokines, and endothelial adhesion molecules. , 2006, European journal of endocrinology.

[61]  M. Guimarães,et al.  Insulin resistance and body composition in Turner syndrome: Effect of sequential change in the route of estrogen administration , 2006, Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology.

[62]  A. Maciel-Guerra,et al.  [Evidences for subclinic chronic autoimmune thyroid disease in girls with Turner Syndrome]. , 2007, Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabologia.

[63]  C. Bondy,et al.  Monosomy for the X-chromosome is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[64]  C. Gravholt,et al.  Clinical practice in Turner syndrome , 2005, Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology &Metabolism.