Large-scale transport processes in oceans and atmosphere

Building, Testing and Using a General Circulation Model.- 1. Building a General Circulation Model.- 2. Testing a GCM.- 3. Blocking in a GCM.- 4. Modeling the southern oscillation.- References.- Some Topics in the General Circulation of the Atmosphere.- Abstract.- 1. The observed seasonal mean atmospheric flow.- 2. Orographic and thermal forcing.- 3. Transients and the seasonal mean flow.- 4. Isentropic potential vorticity in the atmosphere.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Lectures on Ocean Circulation Dynamics.- 1. Vortex stretching and potential vorticity.- 2. Significance of the transport of potential vorticity by eddies.- 3. Relation with the dispersal and orbital motion of fluid particles.- 4. Wind-driven gyres.- Appendix: Scale analysis of the circulation integral.- References.- Thermohaline Effects in the Ocean Circulation and Related Simple Models.- 1. Historic background.- 2. The boussinesq approximation, and the density form models.- 3. Main thermocline regimes, and the role of vertical diffusion.- 4. Phenomena related to mixed boundary conditions.- 5. Thermal and thermohaline oscillators.- References.- Diagnostic Models of Ocean Circulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Water mass and isopycnal analysis.- 3. The dynamic method.- 4. The inverse method.- 5. The ss-spiral method.- 6. Summary and Outlook.- References.- Wind Driven Ocean Circulation Theory - Steady Free Flow.- Abstract.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formulation.- 3. Steady-state solutions.- 4. Concluding remarks.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation.- Abstract.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The model ocean.- 3. The model atmosphere.- 4. Results.- 5. Summary and Discussion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Maximum Entropy Production as a Constraint in Climate Models.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Paltridge's minimum entropy exchange principle.- 3. Attempts to justify Paltridge's hypothesis.- 4. Application of the minimum entropy exchange principle in one dimensional energy balance models.- 5. Related studies.- 6. The entropy balance equation.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- Heat Transfer by Thermal Convection in a Rotating Fluid Subject to a Horizontal Temperature Gradient.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Geostrophy.- 3. Regimes of thermal convection in a rotating fluid annulus.- 4. Patterns of regular non-axisymmetric flow.- References.- Some Aspects of Turbulent Diffusion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Kinematics of isotropic turbulence.- 3. Phenomenology of three-dimensional turbulence.- 4. Phenomenology of two-dimensional turbulence.- 5. Analytical theories of isotropic turbulence.- 6. Diffusion of temperature in stratified turbulence.- 7. Conclusion and discussion.- 8. Acknowledgements.- References.- Turbulent Diffusion in Large-Scale Flows.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diffusion of a passive scalar in two-dimensional flow.- 3. Diffusion of vorticity in two-dimensional flow.- 4. Diffusion of potential vorticity in quasi-geostrophic flow.- References.