Comparative Morphology and Physiology

The emergence of the vertebrates during organic evolution is still obscure. Zoologists find it impossible to single out any specific invertebrate type as the direct ancestor of one or the other of the earliest fish-like vertebrates. The proto-chordates point the way but there is rather a wide gap between them and the Agnatha or jawless fishes. These include the ostracoderms, the earliest known fossil chordates, and the living cyclostomes, hagfishes and lampreys. In both the ostracoderms and the cyclostomes the labyrinth has reached almost the extent of organization characteristic throughout the vertebrates. Its subdivision into semicircular canals and otolith organs is phylogenetically fundamental and is found in the labyrinth of the fossil ostracoderm Kieraspis (Stensio, 1927) and in the cyclostomes.

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