Resonances and bifurcations in systems with elliptical equipotentials

We present a general analysis of the orbit structure of 2D potentials with self-similar elliptical equipotentials by applying the method of Lie transform normalization. We study the most relevant resonances and related bifurcations. We find that the 1:1 resonance is associated only with the appearance of the loops and leads to the destabilization of either one or the other normal modes, depending on the ellipticity of equipotentials. Inclined orbits are never present and may appear only when the equipotentials are heavily deformed. The 1:2 resonance determines the appearance of bananas and antibanana orbits: the first family is stable and always appears at a lower energy than the second, which is unstable. The bifurcation sequence also produces the variations in the stability character of the major-axis orbit and is modified only by very large deformations of the equipotentials. Higher order resonances appear at intermediate or higher energies and can be described with good accuracy.

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