Tools for fouling diagnosis of NF and RO membranes and assessment of the fouling potential of feed water

Abstract A set of coherent tools for (i) analysing the fouling of NF and RO membranes and (ii) determining the fouling potential of feed water is presented in this paper. These tools—developed for diagnosis, prediction, prevention and control of fouling — are applied in practice and have proven their value in controlling fouling. A database obtained with the described tools at plants with and without operational problems is available for the interpretation of observations in pilot plants and in practice.