Particulate Matter Associated with Vehicles on the Road

Experiments at the Allegheny and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1975–1979 have resulted in a comprehensive description of the airborne particulate matter associated with highway traffic. Because of strong variations of traffic composition with time, emission rates of most species were resolvable into emission rates for each of the two vehicle categories: gasoline-powered vehicles and heavy-duty diesels. Thirty-four elements were identified, accounting for all of the vehicle-derived airborne particulate mass. The principal component was carbon (elemental and organic) from exhausts of heavy-duty diesels, which comprised on the average 10%–15% of the traffic. Per vehicle-kilometer, diesels were the preponderant source of most of the other species as well. Other emissions resulted from oxidation of diesel-fuel sulfur to H2SO4 (5% of the particulate mass total for traffic overall), inorganic additives and adventitious components of fuels and motor oils (10% of the overall mass total...

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