Proteomics as a Method for Early Detection of Cancer: A Review of Proteomics, Exhaled Breath Condensate, and Lung Cancer Screening

The study of expressed proteins in neoplasia is undergoing a revolution with the advent of proteomic analysis. Unlike genomic studies where individual changes may have no functional significance, protein expression is closely aligned with cellular activity. This perspective will review proteomics as a method of detecting markers of neoplasia with a particular emphasis on lung cancer and the potential to sample the lung by exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC collection is a simple, new, and noninvasive technique, which allows sampling of lower respiratory tract fluid. EBC enables the study of a wide variety of biological markers from low molecular weight mediators to macromolecules, such as proteins, in a range of pulmonary diseases. EBC may be applied to the detection of lung cancer where it could be a tool in early diagnosis. This perspective will explore the potential of applying proteomics to the EBC from lung cancer patients as an example of detecting potential biomarkers of disease and progression.

[1]  X. Xiao,et al.  Development of Proteomic Patterns for Detecting Lung Cancer , 2004, Disease markers.

[2]  E. Diamandis.  Analysis of serum proteomic patterns for early cancer diagnosis: drawing attention to potential problems. , 2004, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[3]  E. Petricoin,et al.  Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify ovarian cancer , 2002, The Lancet.

[4]  P. Scardino,et al.  Early detection of prostate cancer. , 1989, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[5]  Feng Yan,et al.  A disposable electrochemical immunosensor for flow injection immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[6]  M. Barry,et al.  Early detection of prostate cancer. Part II: Estimating the risks, benefits, and costs. American College of Physicians. , 1997, Annals of internal medicine.

[7]  T. Dwyer.  Sampling Airway Surface Liquid: Non-Volatilesin the Exhaled Breath Condensate , 2004, Lung.

[8]  David E. Misek,et al.  Distinctive serum protein profiles involving abundant proteins in lung cancer patients based upon antibody microarray analysis , 2005, BMC Cancer.

[9]  O. Miettinen,et al.  Survival of Patients with Stage I Lung Cancer Detected on CT Screening , 2008 .

[10]  J. Minna,et al.  Molecular detection of early lung cancer. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[11]  E. Kohn,et al.  Proteomic Strategies and their Application in Cancer Research , 2005, Tumori.

[12]  A. Paradiso,et al.  3p microsatellite alterations in exhaled breath condensate from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[13]  J. V. Van Eyk,et al.  Evidence of myofibrillar protein oxidation induced by postischemic reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[14]  N. Dubrawsky.  Cancer statistics , 1989, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[15]  D. Carbone,et al.  Proteomics analysis in lung cancer: Challenges and opportunities , 2007, Respirology.

[16]  M. Papotti,et al.  Protein expression profiles in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung generated using tissue microarrays , 2004, The Journal of pathology.

[17]  P. J. Barnes,et al.  Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[18]  E. Diamandis.  Mass Spectrometry as a Diagnostic and a Cancer Biomarker Discovery Tool , 2004, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[19]  S. Janes,et al.  Early lung cancer: screening and detection. , 2006, Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group.

[20]  Michael Keusgen,et al.  CRP determination based on a novel magnetic biosensor. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  J. Innes,et al.  Effects of breathing pattern and inspired air conditions on breath condensate volume, pH, nitrite, and protein concentrations , 2004, Thorax.

[22]  W F Taylor,et al.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Mayo Clinic study. , 2015, The American review of respiratory disease.

[23]  N. Hanna.  Survival of Patients with Stage I Lung Cancer Detected on CT Screening , 2008 .

[24]  P. Dennis,et al.  An overview of lung cancer genomics and proteomics. , 2005, American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.

[25]  P. Barnes,et al.  Exhaled markers of pulmonary disease. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[26]  H. Kato,et al.  Plasma proteomics of lung cancer by a linkage of multi‐dimensional liquid chromatography and two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis , 2006, Proteomics.

[27]  R. Layfield,et al.  Principles of proteomics and its applications in cancer. , 2007, The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland.

[28]  R. Cataneo,et al.  Volatile organic compounds in breath as markers of lung cancer: a cross-sectional study , 1999, The Lancet.

[29]  G. Byrnes,et al.  Screening for lung cancer. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[30]  C. Coley,et al.  CLINICAL GUIDELINES: PART II: Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Part II , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[31]  P. Selby,et al.  Clinical proteomics—insights into pathologies and benefits for patients , 2003, The Lancet.

[32]  J. Howington,et al.  Survival after resection for lung cancer is the outcome that matters. , 2004, American journal of surgery.

[33]  Ugo Pastorino,et al.  Computed tomography screening and lung cancer outcomes. , 2007, JAMA.

[34]  Onofrio Resta,et al.  Exhaled markers in the monitoring of airways inflammation and its response to steroid's treatment in mild persistent asthma. , 2005, European journal of pharmacology.

[35]  Israel Rubinstein,et al.  Markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers. , 2004, Chest.

[36]  D. Ransohoff.  Rules of evidence for cancer molecular-marker discovery and validation , 2004, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[37]  P. Thomas,et al.  Relationship between Exhaled Breath Condensate Volume and Measurements of Lung Volumes , 2006, Respiration.

[38]  J. Cuzick,et al.  Screening for cancer: future potential , 1999, European journal of cancer.

[39]  S. Swensen,et al.  Lung cancer screening with CT: Mayo Clinic experience. , 2003, Radiology.

[40]  O. Resta,et al.  Interleukin-6 is increased in breath condensate of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. , 2002, The International journal of biological markers.

[41]  Q. Jöbsis,et al.  Exhaled breath condensate in children: Pearls and pitfalls , 2004, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[42]  M. Griese,et al.  Protein pattern of exhaled breath condensate and saliva , 2002, Proteomics.

[43]  P. Thomas,et al.  Exhaled breath condensate as a method of sampling airway nitric oxide and other markers of inflammation. , 2005, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[44]  D. Yates,et al.  Collection devices influence the constituents of exhaled breath condensate , 2007, European Respiratory Journal.

[45]  Paul Leonard,et al.  Biosensor developments: application to prostate-specific antigen detection. , 2007, Trends in biotechnology.

[46]  T. Zhukov,et al.  Discovery of distinct protein profiles specific for lung tumors and pre-malignant lung lesions by SELDI mass spectrometry. , 2003, Lung cancer.

[47]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2005 , 2005, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[48]  A Coldman,et al.  Evaluation of immunohistochemical markers in non‐small cell lung cancer by unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis: a tissue microarray study of 284 cases and 18 markers , 2004, The Journal of pathology.

[49]  Y. Kuramitsu,et al.  Proteomic analysis of cancer tissues: Shedding light on carcinogenesis and possible biomarkers , 2006, Proteomics.

[50]  Tesshi Yamada,et al.  Serum tumor markers for pancreatic cancer: the dawn of new era? , 2006, JOP : Journal of the pancreas.

[51]  K. Garey,et al.  Collection and analysis of exhaled breath condensate in humans. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[52]  O. Resta,et al.  Endothelin-1 Is Increased in the Breath Condensate of Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer , 2004, Oncology.

[53]  Paolo Montuschi,et al.  Analysis of exhaled breath condensate for monitoring airway inflammation. , 2002, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[54]  P. Thomas,et al.  Exhaled breath condensate as a method of sampling airway nitric oxide and othermarkers of inflammation. , 2005 .