Cyclooxygenase‐2 up‐regulates CCR7 expression via AKT‐mediated phosphorylation and activation of Sp1 in breast cancer cells

Up‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is frequently found in human cancers and is significantly associated with tumor metastasis. Our previous results demonstrate that COX‐2 and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulate the expression of CCR7 chemokine receptor via EP2/EP4 receptors to promote lymphatic invasion in breast cancer cells. In this study, we address the underlying mechanism of COX‐2/PGE2‐induced CCR7 expression. We find that COX‐2/PGE2 increase CCR7 expression via the AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Promoter deletion and mutation assays identify the Sp1 site located at the −60/−57 region of CCR7 gene promoter is critical for stimulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirms that in vivo binding of Sp1 to human CCR7 promoter is increased by COX‐2 and PGE2. Knockdown of Sp1 by shRNA reduces the induction of CCR7 by PGE2. We demonstrate for the first time that AKT may directly phosphorylate Sp1 at S42, T679, and S698. Phosphorylation‐mimic Sp1 protein harboring S42D, T679D, and S698D mutation strongly activates CCR7 expression. In contrast, change of these three residues to alanine completely blocks the induction of CCR7 by PGE2. Pathological investigation demonstrates that CCR7 expression is strongly associated with phospho‐AKT and Sp1 in 120 breast cancer tissues. Collectively, our results demonstrate that COX‐2 up‐regulates CCR7 expression via AKT‐mediated phosphorylation and activation of Sp1 and this pathway is highly activated in metastatic breast cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 341–348, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.