Finite-difference time-domain calculations of SAR in a realistic heterogeneous model of the head for plane-wave exposure from 600 MHz to 3 GHz.

This paper presents finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in a fine-scaled, heterogeneous, realistic model of the head for frequencies ranging from 600 MHz to 3 GHz. The phantom has been derived from an atlas of cross-sectional anatomy. The cell size is 3.2 mm which results in a 120,000 cell head model comprising brain, bone/fat, muscle, skin, blood, air and eye humour, lens and sclera. Irradiation from the front and side for plane-wave exposure of an adult and an infant are considered.

[1]  K. Yee.  Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media , 1966 .

[2]  A. C. Eycleshymer,et al.  A cross-section anatomy , 1970 .

[3]  R. Lutomirski,et al.  Induced Fields and Heating Within a Cranial Structure Irradiated by an Electromagnetic Plane Wave , 1971 .

[4]  A. Taflove,et al.  Numerical Solution of Steady-State Electromagnetic Scattering Problems Using the Time-Dependent Maxwell's Equations , 1975 .

[5]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Report of the task group on reference man , 1979, Annals of the ICRP.

[6]  Mark J. Hagmann,et al.  Electromagnetic Absorption in a Multilayered Model of Man , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[7]  Allen Taflove,et al.  Application of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method to Sinusoidal Steady-State Electromagnetic-Penetration Problems , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[8]  E. C. Burdette,et al.  In Vivo Probe Measurement Technique for Determining Dielectric Properties at VHF through Microwave Frequencies , 1980 .

[9]  G. Mur.  Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Finite-Difference Approximation of the Time-Domain Electromagnetic-Field Equations , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[10]  M. Morgan.  Finite Element Calculation of Microwave Absorption by the Cranial Structure , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[11]  M. Stuchly,et al.  In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties of animal tissues at radio frequencies. , 1982, Bioelectromagnetics.

[12]  C Gabriel,et al.  Dielectric properties of ocular tissues at 37 degrees C. , 1983, Physics in medicine and biology.

[13]  K. Foster,et al.  Dielectric Permittivity and Electrical Conductivity of Fluid Saturated Bone , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[14]  E. Grant,et al.  Dielectric properties of developing rabbit brain at 37°C , 1985 .

[15]  Magdy F. Iskander,et al.  Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook. 4th Edition , 1986 .

[16]  Om P. Gandhi,et al.  Use of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method in Calculating EM Absorption in Human Tissues , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[17]  P. Dimbylow,et al.  Finite difference calculations of current densities in a homogeneous model of a man exposed to extremely low frequency electric fields. , 1987, Bioelectromagnetics.

[18]  J. A. Scott.  The computation of temperature rises in the human eye induced by infrared radiation. , 1988, Physics in medicine and biology.

[19]  N. Spyrou,et al.  In vivo dielectric properties of human skin from 50 MHz to 2.0 GHz. , 1988, Physics in medicine and biology.

[20]  P. Czerski,et al.  Guidelines on limits of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz. International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association. , 1988, Health physics.

[21]  A. Taflove,et al.  Use of the finite-difference time-domain method for calculating EM absorption in man models , 1988, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[22]  M.A. Stuchly,et al.  Comparison of finite-difference time-domain SAR calculations with measurements in a heterogeneous model of man , 1989, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[23]  O P Gandhi,et al.  RF currents induced in an anatomically-based model of a human for plane-wave exposures (20-100 MHz). , 1989, Health physics.

[24]  T. W. Athey,et al.  Specific absorption rate (SAR) in models of the human head exposed to hand-held UHF portable radios. , 1989, Bioelectromagnetics.

[25]  Ronald L. Kathren,et al.  Distribution of 239Pu in Occupationally Exposed Workers, Based on Radiochemical Analyses of Three Whole Bodies , 1989 .

[26]  Allen Taflove,et al.  The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method for Numerical Modeling of Electromagnetic Wave Interactions with Arbitrary Structures: Finite Element and Finite Difference Methods in Electromagnetic Scattering , 1990 .

[27]  M J Whillock,et al.  Measurements and mathematical models in the assessment of optical radiation hazards to the eye , 1990 .

[28]  P.J. Dimbylow.  Finite-difference time-domain calculations of absorbed power in the ankle for 10-100 MHz plane wave exposure , 1991, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.