Understanding occupant behaviour: the use of controls in mixed-mode office buildings

A mixed-mode building is heated in winter, free running in mid-season, and has cooling available in summer as required. It is likely to use less energy than a fully air-conditioned building. However, the energy consumption of a mixed-mode building depends greatly upon how the occupants use the available controls, such as windows, fans, heating, and cooling. Hitherto, for the purpose of building thermal simulation, rather arbitrary assumptions have often been made about occupant behaviour. Using thermal comfort field data sets from Europe and Pakistan that include mixed-mode buildings, the occupant behaviour with regard to the building controls is analysed. The results indicate that the mixed-mode buildings were generally controlled as if they had been naturally ventilated buildings, but with the provision for cooling if needed, rather than as normal air-conditioned buildings. Equations are developed to relate the probability of using the various controls to the indoor and outdoor temperature, and to relate the indoor comfort temperatures to the outdoor temperature. Such equations may be useful for estimating comfort and energy use. Un bâtiment à mode mixte est chauffé en hiver, n'a ni chauffage, ni refroidissement à la mi-saison, et permet de disposer en été d'un système de refroidissement si besoin est. Il y a de grandes chances qu'il utilise moins d'énergie qu'un bâtiment entièrement climatisé. Néanmoins, la consommation énergétique d'un bâtiment à mode mixte dépend largement de la manière dont les occupants utilisent les commandes disponibles, telles que fenêtres, ventilateurs, systèmes de chauffage et de refroidissement. Jusqu'à présent, afin de permettre une simulation thermique des bâtiments, ce sont des hypothèses relativement arbitraires qui ont souvent été faites quant au comportement des occupants. En utilisant l'ensemble des données de terrain provenant d'Europe et du Pakistan relatives au confort thermique et qui comprennent des bâtiments à mode mixte, le comportement des occupants à l'égard des commandes disponibles dans les bâtiments est analysé. Les résultats indiquent que les bâtiments à mode mixte ont généralement été commandés comme s'il s'agissait de bâtiments à ventilation naturelle, un système de refroidissement étant néanmoins prévu en cas de besoin, plutôt que comme des bâtiments climatisés normaux. Des équations sont développées afin d'établir un lien entre la probabilité d'utilisation des différentes commandes et les températures intérieures et extérieures, ainsi qu'un lien entre les températures de confort intérieur et la température extérieure. De telles équations peuvent être utiles pour évaluer le confort et l'utilisation d'énergie. Mots clés: comportement adaptatif, comportement, confort, rendement énergétique, mode mixte, occupants, confort thermique

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