Effects of variation in posture and respiration on RSA and pre-ejection period.

The extent to which variation in posture and respiration can confound pre-ejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as indices of cardiac sympatho-vagal activity was examined. Within-subjects changes in these measures were assessed in 36 subjects during different postures and (paced) respiratory frequencies. Changes from supine to sitting to standing led to reduced RSA values and longer pre-ejection periods, reflecting the known decrease in vagal but not the increase of sympathetic activity. Multilevel path analysis showed that within-subjects changes in sympatho-vagal balance were faithfully reflected by changes in interbeat interval, but imperfectly by changes in RSA and pre-ejection period. It was concluded that pre-ejection period should be stratified for posture and RSA for respiratory frequency to reliably index changes in sympatho-vagal balance when these factors are prone to change (e.g., during 24-h ambulatory recording).

[1]  E. Geus,et al.  Ambulatory assessment of parasympathetic/sympathetic balance by impedance cardiography , 1996 .

[2]  C. Wientjes,et al.  A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[3]  H. Hinghofer-Szalkay,et al.  Cardiovascular and hormonal changes with different angles of head-up tilt in men. , 2001, Physiological research.

[4]  A Saadjian,et al.  [Continuous monitoring of cardiac output]. , 1972, La Nouvelle presse medicale.

[5]  K. Nazar,et al.  Cardiovascular, metabolic and plasma catecholamine responses to passive and active exercises. , 2000, Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society.

[6]  M. Allen,et al.  Evaluation of beta-adrenergic influences on cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to physical and psychological stress. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[7]  T. Ebert,et al.  Impedance-Derived cardiac indices in supine and upright exercise , 2006, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[8]  C. B. Lin,et al.  THEORY FOR THE RATE OF CRACK CLOSURE , 1995 .

[9]  E. D. de Geus,et al.  Overcommitment to Work Is Associated With Changes in Cardiac Sympathetic Regulation , 2004, Psychosomatic Medicine.

[10]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: autonomic origins, physiological mechanisms, and psychophysiological implications. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[11]  H. Nagaraja,et al.  Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[12]  D. Eckberg,et al.  The human respiratory gate. , 2003, The Journal of physiology.

[13]  J. Houtveen,et al.  Validation of the thoracic impedance derived respiratory signal using multilevel analysis. , 2006, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[14]  C. Wooley,et al.  Effect of acute standing and prolonged upright activity on left ventricular hemodynamics, systolic and diastolic intervals, and QT-QS2 relationship. , 1985, American heart journal.

[15]  A. Sherwood,et al.  Postural stability of hemodynamic responses during mental challenge. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[16]  M. Ovadia,et al.  Accelerometer systolic time intervals as fast-response sensors of upright posture in the young. , 1995, Circulation.

[17]  K. Lurie,et al.  Comparison of catecholamine response during tilt-table-induced vasovagal syncope in patients <35 to those >65 years of age. , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[18]  L. Walløe,et al.  Dynamic time course of hemodynamic responses after passive head-up tilt and tilt back to supine position. , 2002, Journal of applied physiology.

[19]  P. Vijayalakshmi,et al.  Effect of 60 degrees head-up tilt on systolic time intervals in hypertensive patients. , 2002, Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[20]  M. Allen,et al.  Patterns of autonomic response during laboratory stressors. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[21]  M. A. Frey,et al.  Cardiovascular Responses to Postural Changes: Differences with Age for Women and Men , 1994, Journal of clinical pharmacology.

[22]  G. Cybulski,et al.  Ambulatory impedance cardiography: new possibilities. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[23]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period. , 1994, Psychophysiology.

[24]  Janusz Siebert,et al.  Stroke volume variability and heart rate power spectrum in relation to posture changes in healthy subjects. , 2004, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[25]  D B Newlin,et al.  Pre-ejection period: measuring beta-adrenergic influences upon the heart. , 1979, Psychophysiology.

[26]  G. Willemsen,et al.  Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[27]  E. Cauter,et al.  Estimating cardiac autonomic activity during sleep: impedance cardiography, spectral analysis, and Poincaré plots , 2004, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[28]  S. Waldstein,et al.  Postural effects on hemodynamic response to interpersonal interaction , 1998, Biological Psychology.

[29]  J. Houtveen,et al.  Circadian Variation in Cardiac Autonomic Activity: Reactivity Measurements to Different Types of Stressors , 2004, Chronobiology international.

[30]  A. Malliani,et al.  Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use , 1996 .

[31]  M. A. Frey,et al.  Systolic time intervals during combined hand cooling and head-up tilt. , 1979, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[32]  R S Mackay,et al.  Continuous monitoring of cardiac output. , 1974, Biotelemetry.

[33]  W. Anderson,et al.  Assessment of human sympathetic nervous system activity from measurements of norepinephrine turnover. , 1988, Hypertension.

[34]  Richard P. Lewis,et al.  REVIEWS OF CONTEMPORARY LABORATORY METHODS , 2005 .

[35]  E. D. de Geus,et al.  Job strain in relation to ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability among female nurses. , 2004, Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health.

[36]  P. Grossman,et al.  Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal tone, and respiration: within- and between-individual relations. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[37]  J. Hayano,et al.  Heart rate and blood pressure variabilities during graded head-up tilt. , 1995, Journal of applied physiology.

[38]  D. Kimmerly,et al.  Gender affects sympathetic and hemodynamic response to postural stress. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[39]  P. Hjemdahl,et al.  Altered cardiovascular responsiveness to adrenaline in endurance-trained subjects. , 1986, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[40]  R. Veit,et al.  Differential β- and α-adrenergic activation during psychological stress , 1997, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[41]  H. Huikuri,et al.  Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: effects of various respiratory patterns. , 2001, Clinical physiology.

[42]  A. Porta,et al.  Oscillatory patterns in sympathetic neural discharge and cardiovascular variables during orthostatic stimulus. , 2000, Circulation.

[43]  A. Sherwood,et al.  Ambulatory impedance cardiography: a feasibility study. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[44]  A. Sherwood,et al.  Hemodynamics of blood pressure responses during active and passive coping. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[45]  Keenan Db.  Continuous monitoring of cardiac output from TCG signals. , 2004 .

[46]  H. Tamai,et al.  Comparison of the active standing test and head-up tilt test for diagnosis of syncope in childhood and adolescence , 2004, Clinical Autonomic Research.

[47]  J. T. Santinga,et al.  Comparison of differences in the hemodynamic response to passive postural stress in healthy subjects >70 years and <30 years of age , 1991 .

[48]  E. Katkin,et al.  The effects of epinephrine administration on impedance cardiographic measures of cardiovascular function. , 1999, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[49]  D L Eckberg,et al.  Human responses to upright tilt: a window on central autonomic integration , 1999, The Journal of physiology.

[50]  J. Trinder,et al.  Autonomic activity during human sleep as a function of time and sleep stage , 2001, Journal of sleep research.

[51]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Autonomic cardiac control. II. Noninvasive indices and basal response as revealed by autonomic blockades. , 1994, Psychophysiology.

[52]  J. Houtveen,et al.  Contribution of tonic vagal modulation of heart rate, central respiratory drive, respiratory depth, and respiratory frequency to respiratory sinus arrhythmia during mental stress and physical exercise. , 2002, Psychophysiology.

[53]  F. Wilhelm,et al.  Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal control, and daily activity. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[54]  K. Lurie,et al.  Comparison of catecholamine response during tilt-table-induced vasovagal syncope in patients 65 years of age. , 2004 .

[55]  J. Fahrenberg,et al.  Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[56]  G. Willemsen,et al.  Ambulatory measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and respiration rate , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[57]  Joseph A Fisher,et al.  Direct effect of Pa(CO2) on respiratory sinus arrhythmia in conscious humans. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[58]  J. T. Santinga,et al.  Comparison of differences in the hemodynamic response to passive postural stress in healthy subjects greater than 70 years and less than 30 years of age. , 1991, The American journal of cardiology.

[59]  L. V. Doornen,et al.  Serum lipids and cardiovascular reactivity to stress , 1998, Biological Psychology.