MR-guided biopsy of the prostate: an overview of techniques and a systematic review.

CONTEXT Systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUSBx) is the gold standard for detecting prostate cancer. This systematic approach is characterized by low sensitivity (39-52%) and high specificity (81-82%). Magnetic resonance (MR)-guided biopsy techniques are becoming more and more available, but there is no current consensus on the optimal technique. OBJECTIVE This review presents an overview of MR-guided biopsy techniques for prostate cancer detection. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Current literature was reviewed regarding MR-guided biopsy for prostate cancer detection. A literature search was performed using the commercially available MedLine online search engine. Combinations of the following search and Medical Subject Headings terms were applied to retrieve relevant articles: "magnetic resonance," "prostatic neoplasms," and "biopsy." Review articles and studies describing techniques other than MR-guided biopsy were excluded. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Biopsy of the prostate is an essential procedure for determining optimal treatment. Systematic TRUSBx is the gold standard, but it fails to detect numerous tumors. Diagnostic MR imaging provides more accurate selection of regions in which tumors are suspected. Using these diagnostic images during an MR-directed biopsy procedure improves quality of the biopsy. In open MR scanners, the prebiopsy images often must be registered to the real-time biopsy images because open MR scanners do not provide optimal tissue contrast; thus, the patient must first be examined in a closed MR scanner and then biopsied in an open scanner. The advantage of open MR over closed MR is that the physician has easy patient access. With special equipment, prostate MR-guided biopsy is also possible in a closed system. Closed MR scanners can be used for the prebiopsy scan as well as for the biopsy procedure. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a diagnostic MR examination and MR-guided biopsy is a promising tool and may be used in patients with previous negative TRUSBx.

[1]  D. Neal,et al.  Screening for prostate cancer , 2003, The Lancet.

[2]  G.S. Fischer,et al.  A System for MRI-guided Prostate Interventions , 2006, The First IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics, 2006. BioRob 2006..

[3]  Cher Heng Tan,et al.  Diffusion weighted imaging in prostate cancer , 2011, European Radiology.

[4]  Clare Allen,et al.  How good is MRI at detecting and characterising cancer within the prostate? , 2006, European urology.

[5]  M. Terris,et al.  Comparison of mid-lobe versus lateral systematic sextant biopsies in the detection of prostate cancer. , 1997, Urologia internationalis.

[6]  Jenny Donovan,et al.  Screening for prostate cancer , 1993, JAMA.

[7]  Gabor Fichtinger,et al.  Transrectal Prostate Biopsy Inside Closed MRI Scanner with Remote Actuation, under Real-Time Image Guidance , 2002, MICCAI.

[8]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2007 , 2007, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[9]  Gabor Fichtinger,et al.  Patient selection determines the prostate cancer yield of dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging‐guided transrectal biopsies in a closed 3‐Tesla scanner , 2007, BJU international.

[10]  M. Barry,et al.  Clinical practice. Prostate-specific-antigen testing for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  C. N. Coleman,et al.  Transrectal prostate biopsy and fiducial marker placement in a standard 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. , 2006, The Journal of urology.

[12]  A. D'Amico,et al.  Transperineal magnetic resonance image guided prostate biopsy. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[13]  D. Stoianovici,et al.  Transperineal prostate intervention: robot for fully automated MR imaging--system description and proof of principle in a canine model. , 2008, Radiology.

[14]  Kazuhiro Yoshida,et al.  Random systematic sextant biopsy versus power doppler ultrasound-guided target biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: positive rate and clinicopathological features. , 2005, Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi.

[15]  Takuya Ueda,et al.  Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Prostate Cancer , 2005, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[16]  Gabor Fichtinger,et al.  Design of a novel MRI compatible manipulator for image guided prostate interventions , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[17]  S. Zangos,et al.  MR-guided transgluteal biopsies with an open low-field system in patients with clinically suspected prostate cancer: technique and preliminary results , 2004, European Radiology.

[18]  S. Rannikko,et al.  Echogenic structure of prostatic cancer imaged on radical prostatectomy specimens , 1987, The Prostate.

[19]  William J Catalona,et al.  Serial biopsy results in prostate cancer screening study. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[20]  B. Kiefer,et al.  Prostate biopsy in the supine position in a standard 1.5-T scanner under real time MR-imaging control using a MR-compatible endorectal biopsy device , 2006, European Radiology.

[21]  D. Stoianovici,et al.  Interventional robotic systems: Applications and technology state‐of‐the‐art , 2006, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[22]  Gabor Fichtinger,et al.  Simultaneous integrated boost of biopsy proven, MRI defined dominant intra-prostatic lesions to 95 Gray with IMRT: early results of a phase I NCI study , 2007, Radiation oncology.

[23]  K. Hosseinzadeh,et al.  Endorectal diffusion‐weighted imaging in prostate cancer to differentiate malignant and benign peripheral zone tissue , 2004, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[24]  C. Newschaffer,et al.  Color Doppler imaging in predicting the biologic behavior of prostate cancer: correlation with disease-free survival. , 1997, Urology.

[25]  J. J. de la Rosette,et al.  New developments in ultrasonography for the detection of prostate cancer. , 2001, Journal of endourology.

[26]  Alexandru Patriciu,et al.  “MRI Stealth” robot for prostate interventions , 2007, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[27]  Rodolfo Montironi,et al.  Extended and saturation prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. , 2007, European urology.

[28]  R Kikinis,et al.  Robot-assisted needle placement in open MRI: System architecture, integration and validation , 2007, Computer aided surgery : official journal of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery.

[29]  R E Lenkinski,et al.  Current role of MR imaging in the staging of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. , 1993, Radiology.

[30]  Thomas J. Vogl,et al.  MR-compatible assistance system for punction in a high-field system: device and feasibility of transgluteal biopsies of the prostate gland , 2007, European Radiology.

[31]  M. Barry.  Prostate-Specific–Antigen Testing for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer , 2001 .

[32]  H. Huisman,et al.  Prostate cancer localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging. , 2006, Radiology.

[33]  H. Hricak,et al.  MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging in the pre-treatment evaluation of prostate cancer. , 2005, The British journal of radiology.

[34]  Peter Guion,et al.  Initial clinical experience with real‐time transrectal ultrasonography‐magnetic resonance imaging fusion‐guided prostate biopsy , 2008, BJU international.

[35]  D Stoianovici,et al.  Multi‐imager compatible actuation principles in surgical robotics , 2005, The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS.

[36]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging‐directed transrectal ultrasonography‐guided biopsies in patients at risk of prostate cancer , 2007, BJU international.

[37]  Nobuhiko Hata,et al.  Magnetic Resonance-guided Prostate Interventions , 2005, Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI.

[38]  H. Robertson.  Screening for prostate cancer. , 2003, Annals of internal medicine.

[39]  M Dattoli,et al.  A simple method to stabilize the prostate during transperineal prostate brachytherapy. , 1997, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[40]  Gabor Fichtinger,et al.  Robotic Assistant for Transperineal Prostate Interventions in 3T Closed MRI , 2007, MICCAI.

[41]  L. Holmberg,et al.  The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer. , 1997, Urology.

[42]  W. Ellis,et al.  The significance of isoechoic prostatic carcinoma. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[43]  I. Kaplan,et al.  Real time MRI-ultrasound image guided stereotactic prostate biopsy. , 2002, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[44]  D. Beyersdorff,et al.  MR imaging-guided prostate biopsy with a closed MR unit at 1.5 T: initial results. , 2005, Radiology.

[45]  L. Kiemeney,et al.  A comparison of the diagnostic performance of systematic versus ultrasound-guided biopsies of prostate cancer , 2006, European Radiology.

[46]  A. D'Amico,et al.  MR imaging-guided prostate biopsy with surgical navigation software: device validation and feasibility. , 2001, Radiology.

[47]  Heinz-Peter Schlemmer,et al.  MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate increases diagnostic performance in men with elevated or increasing PSA levels after previous negative TRUS biopsies. , 2006, European urology.

[48]  M. Frydenberg,et al.  Prostatic cancer: role of color Doppler imaging in transrectal sonography. , 1998, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[49]  Roberto Passariello,et al.  Role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging in the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. , 2008, European urology.

[50]  J. Roy,et al.  Prostate gland motion and deformation caused by needle placement during brachytherapy. , 2002, Brachytherapy.