General aspects of the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis.

General measures for treating patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) are similar irrespective of the disease severity. Alcohol abstinence is the cornerstone of treatment and can be achieved with appropriate social support, Alcoholics Anonymous and sometimes pharmacological therapy. Alcohol withdrawal should be anticipated and treatment initiated to prevent this complication. Treatment for complications of cirrhosis should be as for any other patient with cirrhosis. AH patients are particularly prone to infections and malnutrition. These should be identified and treated appropriately using broad spectrum antibiotics and nutritional support respectively.

[1]  Claudia Cesaro,et al.  Rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy , 2011, Hepatic medicine : evidence and research.

[2]  T. Barrientos-Gutiérrez,et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[3]  C. Leevy,et al.  Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  Ziv J Haskal,et al.  The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension: Update 2009 , 2010, Hepatology.

[5]  G. Gasbarrini,et al.  Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study , 2007, The Lancet.

[6]  F. Wong,et al.  Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. , 2007, Gastroenterology.

[7]  M. Plauth,et al.  ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Liver disease. , 2006, Clinical nutrition.

[8]  H. Kranzler,et al.  Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. , 2005, JAMA.

[9]  C. M. Leevy,et al.  Nutritional aspects of alcoholic liver disease. , 2005, Clinics in liver disease.

[10]  Ken C Winters,et al.  Diagnosis, course, and assessment of alcohol abuse and dependence in adolescents. , 2005, Recent developments in alcoholism : an official publication of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism, the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the National Council on Alcoholism.

[11]  D. Postoak,et al.  MELD Score as a Predictor of Early Death in Patients Undergoing Elective Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) Procedures , 2005, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[12]  C. Bodian,et al.  Outcome analysis of cirrhotic patients undergoing chest tube placement. , 2004, Chest.

[13]  F. Buntinx,et al.  The value of the CAGE in screening for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in general clinical populations: a diagnostic meta-analysis. , 2004, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[14]  E. Bass,et al.  Hospital experience and outcomes for esophageal variceal bleeding. , 2003, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[15]  D. Valla,et al.  Five‐year survival predictive factors in patients with excessive alcohol intake and cirrhosis. Effect of alcoholic hepatitis, smoking and abstinence , 2003, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[16]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections in Cirrhotic Inpatients: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials , 2003, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[17]  A. Nicolini,et al.  MELD score is better than Child-Pugh score in predicting 3-month survival of patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. , 2002, Journal of hepatology.

[18]  A. Albillos,et al.  Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: A meta‐analysis , 2002, Hepatology.

[19]  E. Cabré,et al.  Short‐ and long‐term outcome of severe alcohol‐induced hepatitis treated with steroids or enteral nutrition: A multicenter randomized trial , 2000, Hepatology.

[20]  M. Navasa,et al.  Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  R. Sutton,et al.  Randomised trial of octreotide for long term management of cirrhosis after variceal haemorrhage , 1997, BMJ.

[22]  J. Iredale,et al.  A multicentre randomised trial comparing octreotide and injection sclerotherapy in the management and outcome of acute variceal haemorrhage , 1997, Gut.

[23]  A. Pauwels,et al.  Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with a high risk of infection , 1996, Hepatology.

[24]  R. Sutton,et al.  Octreotide in the Control of Post-Sclerotherapy Bleeding from Oesophageal Varices, Ulcers and Oesophagitis , 1996, HPB Surgery.

[25]  T. Imperiale,et al.  A meta-analysis of somatostatin versus vasopressin in the management of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. , 1995, Gastroenterology.

[26]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  Protein Energy Malnutrition in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: Diagnosis and Response to Treatment , 1995 .

[27]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  Protein consumption and hepatic encephalopathy in alcoholic hepatitis. VA Cooperative Study Group #275. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[28]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  Protein energy malnutrition in severe alcoholic hepatitis: diagnosis and response to treatment. The VA Cooperative Study Group #275. , 1995, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[29]  M. Morgan The prognosis and outcome of alcoholic liver disease. , 1994, Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement.

[30]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: Results of a department of veterans affairs cooperative study , 1993, Hepatology.

[31]  J. Such,et al.  Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis , 1997, Seminars in liver disease.

[32]  T. Blaschke,et al.  Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition. , 1992, Gastroenterology.

[33]  G. Grassini,et al.  Effect of somatostatin in controlling bleeding from esophageal varices. , 1987, The Italian journal of surgical sciences.

[34]  J. Bruix,et al.  Comparison of Intravenous Somatostatin and Vasopressin Infusions in Treatment of Acute Variceal Hemorrhage , 1984, Hepatology.

[35]  C. Mendenhall,et al.  Protein-calorie malnutrition associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Alcoholic Hepatitis. , 1984, The American journal of medicine.