Accumulation of lipochitin oligosaccharides and NodD-activating compounds in an efficient plant--Rhizobium nodulation assay.

During legume plant--Rhizobium spp. interactions, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules, the two major determinants of host plant-specificity are plant-produced nod gene inducers (NodD protein activating compounds) and bacterial lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs or Nod factors). In a time course, we describe the accumulation of LCOs in an efficient nodulation assay with Vicia sativa subsp. nigra and Rhizobium leguminosarum, in connection with the presence of NodD-activating compounds in the exudate of V. sativa roots. Relatively small amounts of both LCOs and NodD-activating compounds were found to be required for initiation of nodulation during the first days after inoculation. A strong increase in the amount of NodRlv-V[18:4,Ac] LCOs preceded root infection and nodule primordium formation. In contrast to the situation with non-nodulating rhizobia and nonmitogenic LCOs, the amount of NodD-activating compounds in the culture medium remained small after addition of nodulating rhizobia or mitogenic LCOs. Furthermore, addition of nodulating rhizobia or mitogenic LCOs resulted in nearly complete inhibition of root hair formation and elongation, whereas nonmitogenic LCOs stimulated root hair growth. Retention of NodD-activating compounds in the root may inhibit root hair growth.

[1]  B. Lugtenberg,et al.  Inoculation of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra roots with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae results in release of nod gene activating flavanones and chalcones , 1991, Plant Molecular Biology.

[2]  B. Lugtenberg,et al.  Analysis of the major inducers of the Rhizobium nodA promoter from Vicia sativa root exudate and their activity with different nodD genes , 1989, Plant Molecular Biology.

[3]  B. Lugtenberg,et al.  The ethylene-inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine restores normal nodulation by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae on Vicia sativa subsp. nigra by suppressing the ‘Thick and short roots’ phenotype , 1989, Planta.

[4]  Herman P. Spaink,et al.  Promoters in the nodulation region of the Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1JI , 2004, Plant Molecular Biology.

[5]  H. Spaink,et al.  Localization of functional regions of the Rhizobium nodD product using hybrid nodD genes , 2004, Plant Molecular Biology.

[6]  Jonathan D. G. Jones,et al.  Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth , 2003, Nature.

[7]  J. Kijne,et al.  Salicylic acid inhibits indeterminate-type nodulation but not determinate-type nodulation. , 2003, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[8]  N. Goto,et al.  Auxin and Ethylene Response Interactions during Arabidopsis Root Hair Development Dissected by Auxin Influx Modulators , 2002, Plant Physiology.

[9]  D. Cosgrove,et al.  Regulation of Root Hair Initiation and Expansin Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Online version contains Web-only data. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.006437. , 2002, The Plant Cell Online.

[10]  J. Kijne,et al.  Autoregulation of root nodule formation: signals of both symbiotic partners studied in a split-root system of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra. , 2002, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[11]  Van Brussel.  Autoregulation of root nodule formation : signals of both symbiotic partners studied in a split-root system of Vicia sativa subsp , 2002 .

[12]  J. Mathur,et al.  Cell growth: How to grow and where to grow , 2001, Current Biology.

[13]  U. Mathesius.  Flavonoids induced in cells undergoing nodule organogenesis in white clover are regulators of auxin breakdown by peroxidase. , 2001, Journal of experimental botany.

[14]  R. Ranjeva,et al.  Perception of lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors in legumes. , 2001, Trends in plant science.

[15]  J. Stougaard.  Regulators and regulation of legume root nodule development. , 2000, Plant physiology.

[16]  H. Spaink,et al.  Lipochitin Oligosaccharides from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Reduce Auxin Transport Capacity in Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Roots , 1999 .

[17]  J. Kijne,et al.  Role of Exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae as Host Plant-Specific Molecules Required for Infection Thread Formation During Nodulation of Vicia sativa , 1998 .

[18]  Krishnan,et al.  Release of flavonoids by the soybean cultivars McCall and peking and their perception as signals by the nitrogen-fixing symbiont sinorhizobium fredii , 1998, Plant physiology.

[19]  J. Downie.  Functions of Rhizobial Nodulation Genes , 1998 .

[20]  H. R. Schlaman,et al.  Genetic Organization and Transcriptional Regulation of Rhizobial Nodulation Genes , 1998 .

[21]  T. Bisseling,et al.  Ethylene provides positional information on cortical cell division but is not involved in Nod factor-induced root hair tip growth in Rhizobium-legume interaction. , 1997, Development.

[22]  E. Kondorosi,et al.  Lipo-chitooligosaccharide Nodulation Signals from Rhizobium meliloti Induce Their Rapid Degradation by the Host Plant Alfalfa , 1995, Plant physiology.

[23]  H. Spaink,et al.  Induction of Pre-Infection Thread Structures in the Leguminous Host Plant by Mitogenic Lipo-Oligosaccharides of Rhizobium , 1992, Science.

[24]  E. P. Kennedy,et al.  Detection and separation of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Nod metabolites using thin-layer chromatography. , 1992, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[25]  E. P. Kennedy,et al.  A novel highly unsaturated fatty acid moiety of lipo-oligosaccharide signals determines host specificity of Rhizobium , 1991, Nature.

[26]  Philippe Roche,et al.  Symbiotic host-specificity of Rhizobium meliloti is determined by a sulphated and acylated glucosamine oligosaccharide signal , 1990, Nature.

[27]  J. Armitage,et al.  Comparison of the chemotactic behaviour of Rhizobium leguminosarum with and without the nodulation plasmid , 1988, Molecular microbiology.

[28]  H. Spaink,et al.  Rhizobium nodulation gene nodD as a determinant of host specificity , 1987, Nature.

[29]  H. Spaink,et al.  Induction of the nodA promoter of Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1JI by plant flavanones and flavones , 1987, Journal of bacteriology.

[30]  B. Rolfe,et al.  Flavones induce expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium , 1986, Nature.

[31]  J. W. Frost,et al.  A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. , 1986, Science.

[32]  R. Jonker,et al.  Rhizobium induces marked root hair curling by redirection of tip growth: a computer simulation , 1986 .

[33]  B. Lugtenberg,et al.  Transposition of Tn1831 to sym plasmids of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium trifolii , 1986 .

[34]  C. Wijffelman,et al.  Selection of strains cured of the Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym-plasmid pRL1JI by using small bacteriocin , 1984 .

[35]  A. A. N. Brussel,et al.  Small leguminosae as test plants for nodulation of Rhizobium leguminosarum and other rhizobia and agrobacteria harbouring a leguminosarum sym-plasmid , 1982 .

[36]  P. Hooykaas,et al.  Identification of the Sym plasmid of Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 1001 and its transfer to and expression in other rhizobia and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. , 1982, Plasmid.

[37]  D. Josey,et al.  Strain Identification in Rhizobium Using Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance , 1979 .

[38]  J. Vincent.  A manual for the practical study of root-nodule bacteria , 1971 .