Apparent renal disease due to elevated creatinine levels associated with the use of boldenone

The widespread use of reporting estimated glomerular fil-tration rate (eGFR) alongside serum creatinine has led to a heightened appreciation of renal disease. However, creatinine is recognized as an insensitive marker of true GFR and therefore can lead to misdiagnosis of renal dysfunction in the absence of true pathology. We report the case of a 37-year-old male referred due to abnormal eGFR and creatinine in the absence of clinical signs, symptoms or other biochem-ical abnormalities of renal disease. Subsequent investiga-tions based on a high index of suspicion for exogenous substance abuse led to a novel observation of significantly raised creatinine due to the presence of boldenone, an equine anabolic steroid commonly abused in body building. Abstract Acute kidney injury in HIV patients is primarily related to HIV - mediated viral or immunological disease or to treatment-related toxicity (tenofovir). Neoplasms are a rare cause of non-obstructive acute kidney injury, primarily be-cause when they occur, they manifest as discrete masses