Synthetic Aperture Sonar: A Review of Current Status

This is a review paper that surveys past work in, and the recent status of, active synthetic aperture sonar (SAS). It covers the early historical development of SAS with its provenance in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and flows through into what work has been published in the open literature up to early 2007. The list of references is sufficiently complete to include most past and recent SAS publications in the open refereed literature.

[1]  R G. Paxman,et al.  Aberration Correction Of Speckled Imagery With An Image-Sharpness Criterion , 1988, Optics & Photonics.

[2]  Philip John Barclay.  Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar Design and Performance , 2006 .

[3]  Kent Scarbrough,et al.  High resolution circular SAS with controlled focus , 2006 .

[4]  Mark A. Richards,et al.  Interferometric height estimation of the seafloor via synthetic aperture sonar in the presence of motion errors , 2000 .

[5]  Bayan S. Sharif,et al.  Further results from the SAMI synthetic aperture sonar , 1996, OCEANS 96 MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings. The Coastal Ocean - Prospects for the 21st Century.

[6]  John D. Lathrop,et al.  Synthetic images of proud targets , 1994, Proceedings of OCEANS'94.

[7]  J. H. Tarng,et al.  Effects of propagation on the operation of a synthetic aperture sonar , 1987 .

[8]  Bayan S. Sharif,et al.  Methods for increasing the azimuth resolution and mapping rate of a synthetic aperture sonar , 1994, Proceedings of OCEANS'94.

[9]  W. W. Bonifant,et al.  An analysis of the effect of motion and phase errors on the implementation of interferometric processing by synthetic aperture sonar , 1999, Conference Record of the Thirty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers (Cat. No.CH37020).

[10]  D.A. Cook,et al.  12.75" Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS), High Resolution and Automatic Target Recognition , 2006, OCEANS 2006.

[11]  D.A. Cook,et al.  Unmanned underwater vehicle broadband synthetic aperture sonar , 2002, OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE.

[12]  Michael Y. Jin,et al.  A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodates large-range migration , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[13]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  A technique for interferometric synthetic aperture sonar image processing. , 2001 .

[14]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  The SAR map-drift algorithm extended for a multi-hydrophone SAS , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[15]  P T Gough,et al.  Statistics of the contrast of coherent images. , 2004, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[16]  R. Bamler,et al.  A Systematic Comparison Of Sar Focus Sing Algorithms , 1991, [Proceedings] IGARSS'91 Remote Sensing: Global Monitoring for Earth Management.

[17]  R. L. Thompson,et al.  Methods of estimating allowable motion perturbations in side-scan sonar systems , 1996 .

[18]  D.A. Cook,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar development for autonomous underwater vehicles , 2004, Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04 (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37600).

[19]  Mehrdad Soumekh,et al.  Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with MATLAB Algorithms , 1999 .

[20]  I.P. Kirsteins,et al.  Blind separation of interference for synthetic aperture sonar and the lessons learned from real data , 2004, Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004..

[21]  R. Dybdal.  Monopulse resolution of interferometric ambiguities , 1982 .

[22]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  O(N3 log N) backprojection algorithm for the 3-D radon transform. , 2002, IEEE transactions on medical imaging.

[23]  B. Ferguson,et al.  Advances in High-Frequency Active Sonars for Countering Asymmetric Threats in Littoral Waters , 2006, OCEANS 2006.

[24]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  O (N3logN) Backprojection Algorithm for the 3D Radon Transform , 2002, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[25]  B. R. Hunt,et al.  Sea Surface Simulator for Testing A Synthetic Aperture Sonar , 2002 .

[26]  N. K. Vdovicheva,et al.  Acoustic coherence in shallow water: theory and observation , 2002 .

[27]  P. Denbigh.  Swath bathymetry: principles of operation and an analysis of errors , 1989 .

[28]  Roy Edgar Hansen,et al.  Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar for AUV Based Mine Hunting: The SENSOTEK project , 2001 .

[29]  G. S. Sammelmann.  High-frequency images of proud and buried 3D-targets , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[30]  J. Wilbur,et al.  3-D acoustic imaging of broadband SAS data , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[31]  M. E. Zakharia,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar: a wide-band approach , 1990, IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics.

[32]  C. Wiley.  Synthetic Aperture Radars , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[33]  B. L. Douglas,et al.  A Multiple-receiver Synthetic-aperture Active Sonar Imaging System , 1992, OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology.

[34]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Interferometric synthetic aperture processing: a comparison of sonar and radar , 2008 .

[35]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Using A Faceted Rough Surface Environmental Model to Simulate Shallow-Water Sas Imagery , 2002 .

[36]  Ross Williams,et al.  Creating an acoustic synthetic aperture in the ocean , 1976 .

[37]  F. Wong,et al.  A SAR Processing Algorithm With No Interpolation , 1992, [Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[38]  Emmanuel Rigaud,et al.  Parametric synthetic interferometric sonar for bottom and subbottom imaging and mapping , 2004 .

[39]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Contrast optimisation of coherent images , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[40]  James T. Christoff.  Motion compensated high‐frequency synthetic aperture sonar , 1998 .

[41]  A. Khenchaf,et al.  Repeat-track SAS interferometry: feasibility study , 2005, Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE.

[42]  T. Tanji,et al.  Spread spectrum indoor video transmission , 1992, 1st International Conference on Universal Personal Communications - ICUPC '92 Proceedings.

[43]  R. Hughes.  Sonar imaging with the synthetic aperture technique , 1977 .

[44]  H. J. Callow,et al.  Signal Processing for Synthetic Aperture Sonar Image Enhancement , 2003 .

[45]  Wen Xu,et al.  Coherent source direction estimation for three-row bathymetric sidescan sonars , 1999, Oceans '99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.99CH37008).

[46]  G. Shippey,et al.  SAS image reconstruction using Fast Polar Back Projection: comparisons with Fast Factored Back Projection and Fourier-domain imaging , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[47]  A. Hetet,et al.  Scalar image processing filters for speckle reduction on synthetic aperture sonar images , 2002, OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE.

[48]  A. Bellettini,et al.  InSAS'00: interferometric SAS and INS aided SAS imaging , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[49]  Bayan S. Sharif,et al.  Comparison of the mapping resolution of the ACID synthetic aperture sonar with existing sidescan sonar systems , 1994, Proceedings of OCEANS'94.

[50]  A. Bellettini,et al.  Experimental investigations into high resolution sonar systems , 1999, Oceans '99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.99CH37008).

[51]  Daniel A. Cook,et al.  Motion compensation technique for wide beam synthetic aperture sonar , 2002 .

[52]  C.F.N. Cowan,et al.  Interferometric synthetic aperture sonar for high resolution 3-D mapping of the seabed , 1997 .

[53]  B. L. Douglas,et al.  Synthetic aperture active sonar imaging , 1992, [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[54]  Fabio Rocca,et al.  The wavenumber shift in SAR interferometry , 1994, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[55]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Broad-band synthetic aperture sonar , 1992 .

[56]  D. Billon,et al.  Some general considerations for synthetic aperture sonar design , 1995, 'Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment'. Conference Proceedings. OCEANS '95 MTS/IEEE.

[57]  C.E. Burckhardt,et al.  An Experimental 2 MHz Synthetic Aperture Sonar System Intended for Medical Use , 1974, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[58]  Peter T. Gough.  A synthetic aperture sonar system capable of operating at high speed and in turbulent media , 1986 .

[59]  R. W. Sheriff.  Synthetic aperture beamforming with automatic phase compensation for high frequency sonars , 1992, Proceedings of the 1992 Symposium on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology.

[60]  J. S. Bird,et al.  Cramer-Rao bound investigation of swath bathymetry accuracy , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[61]  P. T. Gough,et al.  IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR IMAGES USING DATA-DRIVEN AUTOFOCUS TECHNIQUES , 2003 .

[62]  R. Bamler,et al.  Synthetic aperture radar interferometry , 1998 .

[63]  B. Zerr,et al.  Experiments with a Ship-Mounted Low Frequency SAS for the Detection of Buried Objects , 2004 .

[64]  Yves Doisy.  General motion estimation from correlation sonar , 1999 .

[65]  M.P. Hayes,et al.  Motion-Compensation Improvement for Widebeam, Multiple-Receiver SAS Systems , 2009, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[66]  J. C. Nelander,et al.  A vertical beamforming design approach for increased area coverage rate for synthetic aperture sonar , 1989, Proceedings. IEEE Energy and Information Technologies in the Southeast'.

[67]  Hua Lee,et al.  Synthetic-aperture sonar imaging with a multiple-element receiver array , 1993, 1993 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[68]  Richard Bamler,et al.  A comparison of range-Doppler and wavenumber domain SAR focusing algorithms , 1992, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[69]  Alfred Hanssen,et al.  Statistics of synthetic aperture sonar images , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[70]  D.A. Cook,et al.  Broadbeam multi-aspect synthetic aperture sonar , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[71]  H. Ermert,et al.  Multifrequency Acoustical Holography , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[72]  K. Warman,et al.  Using the CLEAN algorithm to restore undersampled synthetic aperture sonar images , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[73]  M. O'Donnell,et al.  A new filter design technique for coded excitation systems , 1992, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[74]  J. M. Bell,et al.  Simulation and analysis of synthetic sidescan sonar images , 1997 .

[75]  J. Groen,et al.  Interaction between autofocusing and synthetic aperture processing : A study based on simulations and experimental rail data , 2002 .

[76]  David G. Long,et al.  Extending the phase gradient autofocus algorithm for low-altitude stripmap mode SAR , 1999, IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293).

[77]  D.M. Lane,et al.  Superellipse fitting for the classification of mine-like shapes in side-scan sonar images , 2002, OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE.

[78]  E.N. Pilbrow,et al.  Autofocus of active beacons for measuring the tow-path of a synthetic aperture sonar: preliminary sea test results , 2005, Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE.

[79]  F. Rocca,et al.  SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques , 1991 .

[80]  R. McHugh,et al.  Spatial sampling ambiguities in synthetic aperture sonar for broadside and squint look operations , 1998, IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society. OCEANS'98. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36259).

[81]  M.P. Hayes,et al.  Towards more accurate shadow modelling for simulated SAS imagery , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[82]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Results from an Experimental Synthetic Aperture Sonar , 1991 .

[83]  S. Guyonic,et al.  Squint and forward looking synthetic aperture sonar , 1997, Oceans '97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings.

[84]  R.E. Hansen,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar processing for the HUGIN AUV , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[85]  A. Putney,et al.  An introduction to synthetic aperture sonar , 2000, Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing (Cat. No.00TH8496).

[86]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  A comparison of fast factorised back-projection and wavenumber algorithms , 2003 .

[87]  A. Putney,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar-the modern method of underwater remote sensing , 2001, 2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8542).

[88]  O. Ikeda,et al.  Sequential Synthetic Aperture Sonar System-A Prototype of a Synthetic Aperture Sonar System , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[89]  Takuso Sato,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar , 1973 .

[90]  Fuk K. Li,et al.  Synthetic aperture radar interferometry , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[91]  D. Billon,et al.  About accuracy of the elevation angle measurement in interferometric synthetic aperture sonar , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[92]  P. T. Gough,et al.  Displaced ping imaging autofocus for a multi-hydrophone SAS , 2004 .

[93]  M. P. Hayes,et al.  Stripmap phase gradient autofocus , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[94]  Zaiqing Meng,et al.  A study on a synthetic aperture sonar , 1995 .

[95]  Xavier Lurton,et al.  Precision analysis of bathymetry measurements using phase difference , 1998, IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society. OCEANS'98. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36259).

[96]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Autofocus of stripmap SAS data using the range-variant SPGA algorithm , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[97]  D. Vray,et al.  Fourier-based imaging applied to synthetic aperture sonar , 1996, OCEANS 96 MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings. The Coastal Ocean - Prospects for the 21st Century.

[98]  R.E. Hansen,et al.  Height estimation on wideband synthetic aperture sonar: experimental results from InSAS -2000 , 2005, Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE.

[99]  Guoliang Jin,et al.  Uncertainties of differential phase estimation associated with interferometric sonars , 1996 .

[100]  James R. Fienup,et al.  Phase Error Correction by Shear Averaging , 1989, Signal Recovery and Synthesis III.

[101]  H. J. Callow,et al.  A Wavefront Sensing Method for Synthetic Aperture Sonar Autofocus , 2002 .

[102]  Louis J. Cutrona,et al.  Additional characteristics of synthetic‐aperture sonar systems and a further comparison with nonsynthetic‐aperture sonar systems , 1977 .

[103]  Jian Li,et al.  Efficient mixed-spectrum estimation with applications to target feature extraction , 1995, Conference Record of The Twenty-Ninth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.

[104]  A. Wilby.  The advantages, challenges and practical implementation of an interferometric swath bathymetry system , 1999, Oceans '99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.99CH37008).

[105]  Bayan S. Sharif,et al.  Real-time synthetic aperture sonar processing system , 1996 .

[106]  L. C. Graham,et al.  Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping , 1974 .

[107]  John D. Lathrop,et al.  High-frequency/low-frequency synthetic aperture sonar , 1997, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[108]  Lars M. H. Ulander,et al.  Synthetic-aperture radar processing using fast factorized back-projection , 2003 .

[109]  F. C. Paddison,et al.  Synthetic Aperture Sonar , 1971 .

[110]  M. P. Hayes,et al.  Simulation of multiple-receiver, broadband interferometric SAS imagery , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[111]  Fulvio Gini,et al.  Multilook APES for multibaseline SAR interferometry , 2002, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[112]  A. Putney,et al.  Long range active synthetic aperture sonar results , 2000, OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158).

[113]  A. D. Matthews,et al.  Results of a multi-static synthetic aperture sonar experiment , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[114]  R.E. Hansen,et al.  Towards robust quality assessment of SAS imagery using the DPCA algorithm , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[115]  S. Guyonic.  Experiments on a sonar with a synthetic aperture array moving on a rail , 1994, Proceedings of OCEANS'94.

[116]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  O(N2log2N) filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm for tomography , 2000, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[117]  Matthew A. Nelson,et al.  Results from the DARPA and ONR synthetic aperture sonar programs , 2000, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[118]  D.A. Cook,et al.  Motion compensation of AUV-based synthetic aperture sonar , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[119]  D.A. Cook,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar on AUV , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[120]  J. Kosalos,et al.  Results of synthetic aperture sonar experiments , 2000, OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158).

[121]  Brian G Ferguson,et al.  Application of acoustic reflection tomography to sonar imaging. , 2005, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[122]  M. P. Hayes,et al.  Statistical autofocus of synthetic aperture sonar images using image contrast optimisation , 2001, IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future. Proceedings. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Cat. No.01CH37217).

[123]  Steven A. Fortune,et al.  Phase error estimation for synthetic aperture imagery. , 2005 .

[124]  Osamu Ikeda,et al.  Further examination of synthetic‐aaperture sonar in a turbulent medium , 1980 .

[125]  S. Guyonic,et al.  Low and medium frequency synthetic aperture sonar experiments on a rail , 1997, Oceans '97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings.

[126]  P. T. Gough,et al.  An accelerated chirp scaling algorithm for synthetic aperture imaging , 1997, IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings. Remote Sensing - A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development.

[127]  Tat Soon Yeo,et al.  Comments on "Non-iterative quality phase-gradient autofocus (QPGA) algorithm for spotlight SAR imagery" , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[128]  J. S. Bird,et al.  Beyond interferometry, resolving multiple angles-of-arrival in swath bathymetric imaging , 1999, Oceans '99. MTS/IEEE. Riding the Crest into the 21st Century. Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.99CH37008).

[129]  F. Berizzi,et al.  Autofocusing of inverse synthetic aperture radar images using contrast optimization , 1996, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[130]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  Imaging algorithms for a strip-map synthetic aperture sonar: minimizing the effects of aperture errors and aperture undersampling , 1997 .

[131]  Louis J. Cutrona,et al.  Comparison of sonar system performance achievable using synthetic‐aperture techniques with the performance achievable by more conventional means , 1975 .

[132]  Osamu Ikeda,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar in turbulent media , 1979 .

[133]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  LONG BASELINE PRECISION NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR , 2002 .

[134]  M. P. Bruce,et al.  A processing requirement and resolution capability comparison of side-scan and synthetic-aperture sonars , 1992 .

[135]  P. Ulriksen,et al.  Quasi-Narrowband Processing of Wideband Sonar Echoes , 1998 .

[136]  Richard M. Goldstein,et al.  Studies of multibaseline spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radars , 1990 .

[137]  Richard Bamler,et al.  Evaluation of interpolation kernels for SAR interferometry , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[138]  C. Oliver,et al.  A comparison of SAR multilook registration and contrast optimisation autofocus algorithms applied to real SAR data , 1992 .

[139]  David William Hawkins,et al.  Synthetic aperture imaging algorithms : with application to wide bandwidth sonar , 1996 .

[140]  A. Quazi.  An overview on the time delay estimate in active and passive systems for target localization , 1981 .

[141]  John E. Piper.  Buried target detection with a synthetic aperture sonar , 2003 .

[142]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  BATHYMETRY RECONSTRUCTION FOR A FREE-TOWED SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR , 2003 .

[143]  P. T. Gough,et al.  A short history of synthetic aperture sonar , 1998, IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174).

[144]  Fulvio Gini,et al.  Reflectivity estimation for multibaseline interferometric radar imaging of layover extended sources , 2003, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[145]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  Error analysis and performance optimization of fast hierarchical backprojection algorithms , 2001, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[146]  T.J. Sutton,et al.  Optimizing a three-stage autofocus system for synthetic aperture imaging using a UUV , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[147]  J R Fienup,et al.  Synthetic-aperture radar autofocus by maximizing sharpness. , 2000, Optics letters.

[148]  D. Brown,et al.  Results from a Small Synthetic Aperture Sonar , 2006, OCEANS 2006.

[149]  D. Dendal,et al.  Ω-k techniques advantages and weaker aspects , 1992, [Proceedings] IGARSS '92 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[150]  P.T. Gough,et al.  ML estimation of seafloor topography using multi-frequency synthetic aperture sonar , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[151]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar , 2000 .

[152]  M. A. Pinto.  Use of frequency and transmitter location diversities for ambiguity suppression in synthetic aperture sonar systems , 1997, Oceans '97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings.

[153]  Yvan Petillot,et al.  Automated approach to classification of mine-like objects in sidescan sonar using highlight and shadow information , 2004 .

[154]  G. S. Sammelmann.  Propagation and scattering in very shallow water , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[155]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Measurements of acoustic phase stability in Loch Linnhe, Scotland , 1989 .

[156]  P. Denbigh.  Signal processing strategies for a bathymetric sidescan sonar , 1994 .

[157]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  High resolution synthetic aperture sonar: Trials and results , 1999 .

[158]  Dennis C. Ghiglia,et al.  Some methods for reducing propagation-induced phase errors in coherent imaging systems. I - Formalism. II - Numerical results , 1988 .

[159]  A. Hetet,et al.  Automated segmentation of SAS images using the mean - standard deviation plane for the detection of underwater mines , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[160]  H. Lee,et al.  Extension of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique to undersea applications , 1979 .

[161]  Arthur B. Weglein,et al.  Migration and inversion of seismic data , 1985 .

[162]  P. Courmontagne,et al.  SAS Image De-noising by the Curvelet Stochastic Matched Filter Transform , 2006, OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific.

[163]  Fred N. Spiess,et al.  Wide swath precision echo sounder , 1984 .

[164]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  A distributed acoustic renderer for SAS image simulation , 2004 .

[165]  G. Carter,et al.  The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay , 1976 .

[166]  M. Hayes,et al.  Bathymetric results from a multi-frequency InSAS sea-trial , 2006, OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific.

[167]  D. Munson,et al.  A tomographic formulation of spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar , 1983, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[168]  John C. Curlander,et al.  Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing , 1991 .

[169]  K. U. Simmer,et al.  A deconvolution algorithm for broadband synthetic aperture data processing , 1994 .

[170]  Mehrdad Soumekh.  Digital spotlighting and coherent subaperture image formation for stripmap synthetic aperture radar , 1994, Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing.

[171]  Osamu Ikeda,et al.  Image reconstruction from disturbed synthetic aperture sonar data using aperture division , 1985 .

[172]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  Wide bandwidth, constant beamwidth acoustic projectors: a simplified design procedure , 1989 .

[173]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Noncoherent autofocus of single-receiver broad-band synthetic aperture sonar imagery , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[174]  Henrik Schmidt,et al.  Ocean medium and platform effects on synthetic aperture sonar , 1990 .

[175]  Hua Lee,et al.  Synthetic-aperture sonar imaging: system analysis, image formation, and motion compensation , 1995, Conference Record of The Twenty-Ninth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.

[176]  P. N. Denbigh,et al.  Synthetic Aperture Sonar for Sub-Bottom Imaging , 1987 .

[177]  J. Groen,et al.  Shadow enhancement in synthetic aperture sonar imagery for improved target classification , 2005 .

[178]  Bayan S. Sharif,et al.  Real-time synthetic aperture sonar imaging using a parallel architecture , 1995, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[179]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  Imaging and motion estimation for synthetic aperture sonar based on Fast Factorised Bank-Projection , 2002 .

[180]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  The use of Fast Factorised Bank-Protection for synthetic aperture sonar imaging , 2002 .

[181]  Hua Lee,et al.  A cascade algorithm for estimating and compensating motion error for synthetic aperture sonar imaging , 1994, Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing.

[182]  Peter Lonsdale,et al.  Simultaneous operation of the Sea Beam multibeam echo-sounder and the SeaMARC II bathymetric sidescan sonar system , 1990 .

[183]  P. de Heering.  Alternate schemes in synthetic aperture sonar processing , 1984, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[184]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  A multilevel domain decomposition algorithm for fast O(N2logN) reprojection of tomographic images , 2000, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[185]  Charles V. Jakowatz,et al.  Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach , 1996 .

[186]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  TEMPORAL DOPPLER EFFECTS IN SAS Dr , 2004 .

[187]  Maurizio Migliaccio,et al.  A new interpolation kernel for SAR interferometric registration , 2003, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[188]  A. Bellettini,et al.  A New Synthetic Aperture Sonar Design with Multipath Mitigation , 2005 .

[189]  E. Chang.  Image deconvolution techniques for extending the area coverage rate of synthetic aperture sonar , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[190]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  A method for estimating the sub-wavelength sway of a sonar towfish , 1995, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[191]  D. W. Stowe,et al.  Stability of the Acoustic Pathlength of the Ocean Deduced from the Medium Stability Experiment. , 1974 .

[192]  Scott Reed,et al.  An automatic approach to the detection and extraction of mine features in sidescan sonar , 2003 .

[193]  P. T. Gough,et al.  Autofocussing SAR and SAS images using a conjugate gradient search algorithm , 1998, IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174).

[194]  D. Billon,et al.  Detection and imaging performance of a synthetic aperture sonar , 1993, Proceedings of OCEANS '93.

[195]  J.E. Fernandez,et al.  Multi-aspect synthetic aperture sonar , 2000, OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158).

[196]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Autofocus of multi-band, shallow-water synthetic aperture sonar imagery using shear-averaging , 2001, IGARSS 2001. Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future. Proceedings. IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Cat. No.01CH37217).

[197]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  Side-looking sonar or radar using phase difference monopulse techniques. Coherent and noncoherent applications , 1983 .

[198]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  SPECKLE REDUCTION OF SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR IMAGES , 2003 .

[199]  Henry E. Lee.  Synthetic array processing for underwater mapping applications , 1978, ICASSP.

[200]  Yoram Bresler,et al.  A Multilevel Domain Decomposition Algorithm for Fast Reprojection of Tomographic , 2000 .

[201]  Luciano Vieira Dutra,et al.  Generation of digital elevation models by using SIR-C/X-SAR multifrequency two-pass interferometry: the Etna case study , 1996, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[202]  X. Lurton.  Swath bathymetry using phase difference: theoretical analysis of acoustical measurement precision , 2000, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[203]  C. D. Loggins,et al.  Measurement of the temporal phase stability of the medium , 1982 .

[204]  M.P. Hayes,et al.  Fast Fourier techniques for SAS imagery , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[205]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  NOISE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PHASE UNWRAPPING ALGORITHMS FOR INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR , 2000 .

[206]  Marco Diani,et al.  Simulated analysis and optimization of a three-antenna airborne InSAR system for topographic mapping , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[207]  F. Jean.  Shadows, a new synthetic aperture sonar system, by IXSEA SAS , 2006, OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific.

[208]  Roy Edgar Hansen,et al.  Sonar path correction in synthetic aperture processing , 2003 .

[209]  R.E. Hansen,et al.  Effect of Approximations in Fast Factorized Backprojection in Synthetic Aperture Imaging of Spot Regions , 2006, OCEANS 2006.

[210]  F. Fohanno,et al.  Theoretical performance and experimental results for synthetic aperture sonar self-calibration , 1998, IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society. OCEANS'98. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36259).

[211]  Tat Soon Yeo,et al.  Noniterative quality phase-gradient autofocus (QPGA) algorithm for spotlight SAR imagery , 1998, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[212]  R. Holtzapple,et al.  Buried Object Classification using a Sediment Volume Imaging SAS and Electromagnetic Gradiometer , 2006, OCEANS 2006.

[213]  F. Fohanno,et al.  Interferometric transmission synthetic aperture sonar , 1997 .

[214]  I. P. Kirsteins,et al.  Blind separation of signal and multipath interference for synthetic aperture sonar , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[215]  M. Soumekh.  Fourier Array Imaging , 1994 .

[216]  Helmut Ermert,et al.  A Gaussian model approach for the prediction of speckle reduction with spatial and frequency compounding , 1996, 1996 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings.

[217]  E.N. Pilbrow,et al.  Autofocus of active beacons for measuring the tow-path of a synthetic aperture sonar , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[218]  S. A. Fortune,et al.  Recursive phase estimation for image sharpening , 2005 .

[219]  M. Hayes,et al.  Fast Fourier-domain modelling for a SAS simulator with application to time-variant targets, aspect-dependent occlusions, and Doppler effects , 2006, OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific.

[220]  Henrik Schmidt,et al.  Azimuthal ambiguities in synthetic aperture sonar and synthetic aperture radar imagery , 1992 .

[221]  A.D. Friedman,et al.  Circular synthetic aperture sonar design , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[222]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Test results from a multi-frequency bathymetric synthetic aperture sonar , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[223]  Didier Vray,et al.  Spatial undersampling for synthetic aperture ultrasonic imaging via digital spotlighting technique , 1999, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[224]  D.A. Cook,et al.  Results from a hybrid synthetic aperture sonar motion estimation scheme , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[225]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  Synthetic aperture imaging with sonar and radar: a comparison , 2003 .

[226]  K. Warman,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar processing for widebeam/broadband data , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[227]  P.T. Gough,et al.  Estimating layover in broadband synthetic aperture sonar bathymetry , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[228]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  Wavenumber domain reconstruction of SAR/SAS imagery using single transmitter and multiple-receiver geometry , 2002 .

[229]  J. F. Dix,et al.  Study of the relative sonar performance of incoherent and coherent processing against echo fading in shallow water , 1984 .

[230]  Kevin D. LePage,et al.  Bistatic synthetic aperture imaging of proud and buried targets from an AUV , 2002 .

[231]  Didier Vray,et al.  A Fourier-based motion estimation approach for wide band synthetic aperture sonar , 1998, IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society. OCEANS'98. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.98CH36259).

[232]  R. N. Thomson.  Transverse and longitudinal resolution of the synthetic aperture focusing technique , 1984 .

[233]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  Unified framework for modern synthetic aperture imaging algorithms , 1997, Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol..

[234]  Kerry W. Commander,et al.  Detection of buried targets using a synthetic aperture sonar , 2002 .

[235]  G. Quentin,et al.  Synthetic aperture processing of buried object scanning sonar data , 2005, Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE.

[236]  P.T. Gough,et al.  Multiresonance design of a Tonpilz transducer using the finite element method , 1996, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[237]  M. E. Zakharia,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar for seabed imaging: relative merits of narrow-band and wide-band approached , 1992 .

[238]  M.E. Zakharia,et al.  Combined parametric synthetic and interferometric sonar for the detection of buried objects , 2005, Europe Oceans 2005.

[239]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  Robustness and effectiveness of autofocus algorithms applied to diverse seabed environments , 2000 .

[240]  S. Guyonic,et al.  Buried mines detection and classification : 2D-SAS processing definition and experimental results , 2002, OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE.

[241]  Jocelyn Chanussot,et al.  Multispectral decomposition of synthetic aperture sonar images for speckle reduction , 2002 .

[242]  Michael P. Hayes,et al.  TEST RESULTS USING A PROTOTYPE SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR , 1989 .

[243]  Wei Xu,et al.  Phase-unwrapping of SAR interferogram with multi-frequency or multi-baseline , 1994, Proceedings of IGARSS '94 - 1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[244]  Roy Edgar Hansen,et al.  Simulation of high resolution mine hunting sonar measurements , 2005 .

[245]  M. Brussieux,et al.  Towards development of autofocusing schemes for phase compensation of synthetic aperture sonars , 1997, Oceans '97. MTS/IEEE Conference Proceedings.

[246]  Peter T. Gough,et al.  Unified framework for modern synthetic aperture imaging algorithms , 1997 .

[247]  Geoffrey S. Edelson,et al.  Matched image processing for undersampled synthetic aperture sonar , 2000, OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158).

[248]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  Synthetic Aperture Sonar Imaging using an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle , 2002 .

[249]  G. Carter,et al.  Estimation of the magnitude-squared coherence function via overlapped fast Fourier transform processing , 1973 .

[250]  Didier Billon.  Procede de correction des effets des mouvements parasites de l'antenne dans un sonar a antenne synthetique , 1998 .

[251]  B. D. Huxtable,et al.  Motion compensation feasibility for high resolution synthetic aperture sonar , 1993, Proceedings of OCEANS '93.

[252]  Kevin D. LePage,et al.  Bistatic synthetic aperture target detection and imaging with an AUV , 2001 .

[253]  A. Bellettini,et al.  Theoretical accuracy of synthetic aperture sonar micronavigation using a displaced phase-center antenna , 2002 .

[254]  A. Bellettini,et al.  Real- and synthetic-array signal processing of buried targets , 2002 .

[255]  A. E. Adams,et al.  SAMI: a low-frequency prototype for mapping and imaging of the seabed by means of synthetic aperture , 1999 .

[256]  Fabrizio Lombardini.  Absolute phase retrieval in a three-element synthetic aperture radar interferometer , 1996, Proceedings of International Radar Conference.

[257]  Didier Vray,et al.  Spatial under-sampling of ultrasound images using Fourier-based synthetic aperture focusing technique , 1997, 1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118).

[258]  Hugh Griffiths,et al.  Experimental validation of autofocus algorithms for high-resolution imaging of the seabed using synthetic aperture sonar , 2003 .

[259]  Hugh Griffiths.  A comparison between radar and sonar synthetic aperture interferometry , 1997 .

[260]  G. Shippey,et al.  Phased array acoustic imaging in ground co-ordinates, with extension to synthetic aperture processing , 1996 .

[261]  R.E. Hansen,et al.  Signal processing for AUV based interferometric synthetic aperture sonar , 2003, Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492).

[262]  Lars M. H. Ulander,et al.  Ultra-wideband SAR interferometry , 1998, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[263]  R. E. Williams,et al.  Time coherence of acoustic signals transmitted over resolved paths in the deep ocean , 1976 .

[264]  R. Stolt.  MIGRATION BY FOURIER TRANSFORM , 1978 .

[265]  Mehrdad Soumekh.  Bistatic synthetic aperture radar inversion with application in dynamic object imaging , 1991, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[266]  E. Chang,et al.  Synthetic aperture sonar point response for buried objects , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[267]  Christian de Moustier,et al.  Differential Phase Estimation with the SeaMARC , 2004 .

[268]  J. C. Sabel,et al.  SAS Processing Results for the Detection of Buried Objects with a Ship-Mounted Sonar , 2004 .

[269]  F. Fohanno,et al.  Two improved ping-to-ping cross-correlation methods for synthetic aperture sonar: theory and sea results , 2002, OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE.

[270]  C. D. Loggins,et al.  Results from rail synthetic aperture experiments , 1982 .

[271]  Bayan S. Sharif,et al.  A synthetic aperture sonar image processing system , 1993 .

[272]  M. K. Robert,et al.  SIMONA: A multi-purpose acoustic data simulator for development and testing of sonar signal processing , 2005 .

[273]  Henrik Schmidt,et al.  Broadband undersampled synthetic aperture arrays: Targets stay sharp, aliases smear , 1990 .

[274]  H. D. Griffiths.  Radar and sonar imaging - a tutorial introduction , 1995 .

[275]  Ezackiel Ochieng-Ogolla.  Space-time analysis and iterative focusing for synthetic aperture sonar , 1996, Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[276]  O. Ikeda,et al.  Super‐resolution ultrasonic imaging by combined spectral and aperture synthesis , 1977 .

[277]  Carl Olenberger,et al.  Multiple Target Effects on Monopulse Signal Processing , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[278]  P. Ulriksen,et al.  Wideband Swath Bathymetry, SAS Autofocus, and Underwater Nagivation Fixes: Three Related Problems in Echo/Image Correlation , 1998 .

[279]  P.T. Gough,et al.  On the use of mapping operators in SAR and SAS , 1996, Conference Record of The Thirtieth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.