Factor Structure of the Bumby RAPE Scale

Rape-supportive cognition is both theoretically and empirically related to rape. Several types of rape-supportive cognition (cognitive distortions) have been identified in the literature, suggesting that rapists’ rape-supportive cognition may be multidimensional. The Bumby RAPE Scale is one measure of rape-supportive cognition. The authors conducted an exploratory factor analysis using polychoric correlations to examine the types of rape-supportive cognition assessed by the Bumby RAPE Scale with a sample of 280 adult male sex offenders. A two-factor model was found; the two factors were labeled Excusing Rape and Justifying Rape. The current study suggests that the Bumby RAPE Scale is multidimensional. This factor structure may provide greater precision and clarity in the assessment of rape-supportive cognition, which may facilitate more informative research and, ultimately, contribute to more effective sex offender treatment and management.

[1]  Barbara Bojack Correspondence (letter to the editor): Sexual Abuse , 2012 .

[2]  M. Koss,et al.  A Prospective Mediational Model of Sexual Aggression Among College Men , 2011, Journal of interpersonal violence.

[3]  T. Schmitt Current Methodological Considerations in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 2011 .

[4]  Jeffrey A. Bouffard,et al.  Understanding Men’s Perceptions of Risks and Rewards in a Date Rape Scenario , 2011, International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology.

[5]  S. Basow,et al.  “You Owe Me”: Effects of Date Cost, Who Pays, Participant Gender, and Rape Myth Beliefs on Perceptions of Rape , 2011, Journal of interpersonal violence.

[6]  Daniel A. Sass,et al.  Rotation Criteria and Hypothesis Testing for Exploratory Factor Analysis: Implications for Factor Pattern Loadings and Interfactor Correlations , 2011 .

[7]  T. Gannon,et al.  The Implicit Theories of Rape-Prone Men: An Information-Processing Investigation , 2010, International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology.

[8]  D. DiLillo,et al.  Are All Perpetrators Alike? Comparing Risk Factors for Sexual Coercion and Aggression , 2010, Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment.

[9]  R. K. Hanson,et al.  Assessing Risk for Sexual Recidivism: Some Proposals on the Nature of Psychologically Meaningful Risk Factors , 2010, Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment.

[10]  A. Beech,et al.  The Implicit Theories of Rapists and Sexual Murderers , 2009 .

[11]  T. Gannon,et al.  Current cognitive distortion theory and research: An internalist approach to cognition , 2009 .

[12]  G. Harris,et al.  The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies. , 2009, Psychological assessment.

[13]  Paul Smeyers,et al.  Adults and children , 2007 .

[14]  A. Beech,et al.  Aggressive Offenders' Cognition , 2007 .

[15]  R. Fazio Attitudes as Object-Evaluation Associations of Varying Strength. , 2007, Social cognition.

[16]  D. Polaschek,et al.  Cognitive distortions in child molesters: a re-examination of key theories and research. , 2006, Clinical psychology review.

[17]  Shadd Maruna,et al.  A fundamental attribution error? Rethinking cognitive distortions † , 2006 .

[18]  R. Henson,et al.  Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research , 2006 .

[19]  Frank Siebler,et al.  The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men , 2005 .

[20]  A. Beech,et al.  Sexual Murderers' Implicit Theories , 2005, Journal of interpersonal violence.

[21]  Jason W. Osborne,et al.  Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. , 2005 .

[22]  D. Flora,et al.  An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. , 2004, Psychological methods.

[23]  D. DiLillo,et al.  Understanding Perpetrators of Nonphysical Sexual Coercion: Characteristics of Those Who Cross the Line , 2004, Violence and Victims.

[24]  D. Polaschek,et al.  The Implicit Theories of Rapists: What Convicted Offenders Tell Us , 2004, Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment.

[25]  A. Abbey,et al.  A longitudinal examination of male college students' perpetration of sexual assault. , 2004, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[26]  James C. Hayton,et al.  Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: a Tutorial on Parallel Analysis , 2004 .

[27]  R. Gonzalez Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences , 2003 .

[28]  D. Russell In Search of Underlying Dimensions: The Use (and Abuse) of Factor Analysis in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 2002 .

[29]  D. Polaschek,et al.  The implicit theories of potential rapists: What our questionnaires tell us , 2002 .

[30]  C. A. Lanier,et al.  Rape-Accepting Attitudes , 2001 .

[31]  B P O'Connor,et al.  SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test , 2000, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[32]  Tony Ward,et al.  Sexual offenders' cognitive distortions as implicit theories , 2000 .

[33]  R. K. Hanson,et al.  Improving Risk Assessments for Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Three Actuarial Scales , 2000, Law and human behavior.

[34]  Duane T. Wegener,et al.  Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. , 1999 .

[35]  G. Gudjonsson,et al.  Cognitive distortions and blame attribution in sex offenders against adults and children. , 1999, Child abuse & neglect.

[36]  S. Stolp,et al.  Construct validity and test-retest reliability of a date rape decision-latency measure , 1997 .

[37]  R. Gorsuch Exploratory factor analysis: its role in item analysis. , 1997, Journal of personality assessment.

[38]  Kurt M. Bumby Assessing the cognitive distortions of child molesters and rapists: Development and validation of the MOLEST and RAPE scales , 1996 .

[39]  L. Fitzgerald,et al.  Rape Myths , 1994 .

[40]  R. Cudeck,et al.  Applications of standard error estimates in unrestricted factor analysis: significance tests for factor loadings and correlations. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[41]  R. Hirschman,et al.  Toward a theory of sexual aggression: a quadripartite model. , 1991, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[42]  J. S. Tanaka,et al.  Characteristics of aggressors against women: testing a model using a national sample of college students. , 1991, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[43]  F. Costin,et al.  Beliefs about rape and women's social roles , 1985, Archives of sexual behavior.

[44]  Joseph A. Marolla,et al.  CONVICTED RAPISTS' VOCABULARY OF MOTIVE: EXCUSES AND JUSTIFICATIONS* , 1984 .

[45]  L. Ross,et al.  Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. , 1981 .

[46]  Martha R. Burt,et al.  Cultural myths and supports for rape. , 1980, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  Hubert S. Feild,et al.  Attitudes toward rape: A comparative analysis of police, rapists, crisis counselors, and citizens. , 1978 .

[48]  Robert J. McGrath,et al.  Current practices and emerging trends in sexual abuser management: The Safer Society 2009 North American Survey. , 2010 .

[49]  F. Holgado-Tello,et al.  Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables , 2008 .

[50]  K. Nunes Assessing Treatment Change in Sexual Offenders , 2007 .

[51]  T. Brown,et al.  Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research , 2006 .

[52]  J. Stevens,et al.  Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences, 4th ed. , 2002 .

[53]  I. Ajzen Nature and operation of attitudes. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[54]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[55]  F. Floyd,et al.  Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. , 1995 .

[56]  John P. Robinson,et al.  CHAPTER 1 – Criteria for Scale Selection and Evaluation , 1991 .

[57]  M. Sherif,et al.  The psychology of attitudes. , 1946, Psychological review.