Enzyme catalysis coupled with artificial membranes towards process intensification in biorefinery- a review.

In this review, for the first time, the conjugation of the major types of enzymes used in biorefineries and the membrane processes to develop different configurations of MBRs, was analyzedfor the production of biofuels, phytotherapics and food ingredients. In particular, the aim is to critically review all the works related to the application of MBR in biorefinery, highlighting the advantages and the main drawbacks which can interfere with the development of this system at industrial scale. Alternatives strategies to overcome main limits will be also described in the different application fields, such as the use of biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles associated with membrane processes for enzyme re-use and membrane cleaning or the membrane fouling control by the use of integrated membrane process associated with MBR.

[1]  M. Taherzadeh,et al.  Continuous bioethanol fermentation from wheat straw hydrolysate with high suspended solid content using an immersed flat sheet membrane bioreactor. , 2017, Bioresource technology.

[2]  A. Koutinas,et al.  Continuous enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis in a tubular membrane bioreactor , 2006 .

[3]  E. Drioli,et al.  Study of mass transfer performance of naproxen acid and ester through a multiphase enzyme-loaded membrane system , 2006 .

[4]  A. Meyer,et al.  Efficiency of New Fungal Cellulase Systems in Boosting Enzymatic Degradation of Barley Straw Lignocellulose , 2006, Biotechnology progress.

[5]  P. A. Jensen,et al.  Reactor design for minimizing product inhibition during enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis: I. Significance and mechanism of cellobiose and glucose inhibition on cellulolytic enzymes. , 2010, Biotechnology advances.

[6]  Guanlin Li,et al.  Enhancing biodiesel production via a synergic effect between immobilized Rhizopus oryzae lipase and Novozym 435 , 2015 .

[7]  T. Verbiest,et al.  Nanoscale tuning of enzyme localization for enhanced reactor performance in a novel magnetic-responsive biocatalytic membrane reactor , 2015 .

[8]  H. Treichel,et al.  Production and purification of amylolytic enzymes for saccharification of microalgal biomass. , 2017, Bioresource technology.

[9]  Yu Liu,et al.  Membrane Distillation Bioreactor (MDBR) - A lower Green-House-Gas (GHG) option for industrial wastewater reclamation. , 2015, Chemosphere.

[10]  S. R. Wickramasinghe,et al.  Investigation of a submerged membrane reactor for continuous biomass hydrolysis , 2015 .

[11]  L. Giorno,et al.  Integrated membrane system for the production of phytotherapics from olive mill wastewaters , 2014 .

[12]  X. Zhuang,et al.  Characterization of direct cellulase immobilization with superparamagnetic nanoparticles , 2011 .

[13]  Cristóbal N. Aguilar,et al.  The enzyme biorefinery platform for advanced biofuels production , 2019, Bioresource Technology Reports.

[14]  Eric C. D. Tan,et al.  Life‐cycle analysis of integrated biorefineries with co‐production of biofuels and bio‐based chemicals: co‐product handling methods and implications , 2018, Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining.

[15]  Katarzyna Chojnacka,et al.  Study of a Cell-Recycle Membrane Fermentor for the Production of Lactic Acid by Lactobacillus bulgaricus , 2002 .

[16]  Jason S. Lupoi,et al.  Evaluation of nanoparticle‐immobilized cellulase for improved ethanol yield in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reactions , 2011, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[17]  E. Drioli,et al.  Kinetic study of a biocatalytic membrane reactor containing immobilized β-glucosidase for the hydrolysis of oleuropein , 2009 .

[18]  M. Wilkins,et al.  Cellulase immobilization on superparamagnetic nanoparticles for reuse in cellulosic biomass conversion , 2016 .

[19]  L. Giorno,et al.  Influence of lipase immobilization mode on ethyl acetate hydrolysis in a continuous solid-gas biocatalytic membrane reactor. , 2019, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[20]  Le Truc Nguyen,et al.  Continuous hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose with cellulase aggregates trapped inside membranes. , 2015, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[21]  M. Cantarella,et al.  Inactivating effects of lignin-derived compounds released during lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment on the endo-glucanase catalyzed hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose: A study in continuous stirred ultrafiltration-membrane reactor. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[22]  J. Parajó,et al.  Depolymerization of xylan-derived products in an enzymatic membrane reactor , 2008 .

[23]  Steven G. Gilmour,et al.  Continuous Production of Oligodextrans via Controlled Hydrolysis of Dextran in an Enzyme Membrane Reactor , 2002 .

[24]  D. Krishnaiah,et al.  Configuration modification of a submerged membrane reactor for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose , 2017 .

[25]  Bing Wu,et al.  The feasibility of nanofiltration membrane bioreactor (NF-MBR)+reverse osmosis (RO) process for water reclamation: Comparison with ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor (UF-MBR)+RO process. , 2018, Water research.

[26]  N. F. Ghazali,et al.  Product Removal Strategy and Fouling Mechanism for Cellulose Hydrolysis in Enzymatic Membrane Reactor , 2020 .

[27]  W. Qi,et al.  Enzymatic saccharification of pretreated corn stover in a fed-batch membrane bioreactor , 2011, BioEnergy Research.

[28]  N. Ortega,et al.  Operational Stability and Kinetic Study of a Membrane Reactor with Pectinases from Aspergillus niger , 2005 .

[29]  Jaeweon Cho,et al.  Membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration hybrid system for reclamation of municipal wastewater: removal of nutrients, organic matter and micropollutants. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[30]  E. Drioli,et al.  Enzyme membrane reactor with heterogenized β-glucosidase to obtain phytotherapic compound: Optimization study , 2012 .

[31]  A. Meyer,et al.  Enhanced enzymatic cellulose degradation by cellobiohydrolases via product removal , 2013, Biotechnology Letters.

[32]  T. Verbiest,et al.  Effect of operational parameters on the performance of a magnetic responsive biocatalytic membrane reactor , 2017 .

[33]  Andrea Achilli,et al.  The osmotic membrane bioreactor: a critical review , 2015 .

[34]  A. Pandit,et al.  Ultrasonic hyperactivation of cellulase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. , 2017, Bioresource technology.

[35]  J. Buchert,et al.  Trichoderma reesei cellulases and their core domains in the hydrolysis and modification of chemical pulp , 2000 .

[36]  L. Giorno,et al.  Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Xylan from Coffee Parchment in Membrane Bioreactors , 2020 .

[37]  L. Giorno,et al.  Oleuropein Aglycone Production and Formulation by Integrated Membrane Process , 2019, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

[38]  Jianren Lu,et al.  Recycling cellulase from enzymatic hydrolyzate of acid treated wheat straw by electroultrafiltration. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[39]  Marie-Pierre Belleville,et al.  Enzymatic membrane reactor for full saccharification of ionic liquid-pretreated microcrystalline cellulose. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[40]  A. Meyer,et al.  Reactor design for minimizing product inhibition during enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis: II. Quantification of inhibition and suitability of membrane reactors. , 2010, Biotechnology advances.

[41]  A. Meyer,et al.  Impact of the fouling mechanism on enzymatic depolymerization of xylan in different configurations of membrane reactors , 2017 .

[42]  N. Nemestóthy,et al.  Vacuum assisted membrane bioreactor for enzymatic hydrolysis of pectin from various agro-wastes , 2009 .

[43]  L. Giorno,et al.  Pectinases immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles and their anti-fouling performance in a biocatalytic membrane reactor , 2016 .

[44]  E. Drioli,et al.  An innovative approach to improve the performance of a two separate phase enzyme membrane reactor by immobilizing lipase in presence of emulsion , 2007 .

[45]  P. Vermette,et al.  Enhanced enzyme production from mixed cultures of Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and Aspergillus niger LMA grown as fed batch in a stirred tank bioreactor , 2008 .

[46]  M. D. Busto,et al.  Pectin hydrolysis in a free enzyme membrane reactor: An approach to the wine and juice clarification , 2008 .

[47]  H. De Wever,et al.  Intensification of lignocellulosic bioethanol production process using continuous double-staged immersed membrane bioreactors. , 2019, Bioresource technology.

[48]  H. Chang,et al.  High density cell culture by membrane-based cell recycle. , 1994, Biotechnology advances.

[49]  Héctor A. Ruiz,et al.  Scale-up and evaluation of hydrothermal pretreatment in isothermal and non-isothermal regimen for bioethanol production using agave bagasse. , 2018, Bioresource technology.

[50]  L Giorno,et al.  Biocatalytic membrane reactors: applications and perspectives. , 2000, Trends in biotechnology.

[51]  G. Ranieri,et al.  Biorefinery of olive leaves to produce dry oleuropein aglycone: Use of homemade ceramic capillary biocatalytic membranes in a multiphase system , 2018, Chemical Engineering Science.

[52]  Frederico Castelo Ferreira,et al.  Membrane Bioreactors for Biofuel Production , 2013 .

[53]  K. Elst,et al.  Continuous production of pectic oligosaccharides from onion skins with an enzyme membrane reactor. , 2017, Food chemistry.

[54]  Fang Wang,et al.  Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel： Optimization of the biodiesel production , 2006 .

[55]  Lixiang Zhou,et al.  The coupling reaction of Fe2+ bio-oxidation and resulting Fe3+ hydrolysis drastically improve the formation of iron hydroxysulfate minerals in AMD , 2019, Environmental technology.

[56]  Michael Ladisch,et al.  Deactivation of cellulases by phenols. , 2011, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[57]  E. Drioli,et al.  Membrane operations : innovative separations and transformations , 2009 .

[58]  Fang Wang,et al.  Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from lard with immobilized Candida sp. 99-125 , 2007 .

[59]  T. Verbiest,et al.  Simultaneous glucose production from cellulose and fouling reduction using a magnetic responsive membrane reactor with superparamagnetic nanoparticles carrying cellulolytic enzymes. , 2018, Bioresource technology.

[60]  Matthew W Liberatore,et al.  Particle concentration and yield stress of biomass slurries during enzymatic hydrolysis at high‐solids loadings , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[61]  L. Giorno,et al.  Biocatalytic zeolite membrane for the production of l-DOPA , 2012 .

[62]  G. Shi,et al.  Preparation of immobilized lipase by modified polyacrylonitrile hollow membrane using nitrile-click chemistry. , 2019, Bioresource technology.

[63]  E. Drioli,et al.  Study on the in Situ Enzymatic Self-Cleansing of Microfiltration Membrane for Valorization of Olive Mill Wastewater , 2013 .

[64]  Buchari,et al.  The synthesis of biodiesel catalyzed by Mucor miehei lipase immobilized onto aminated polyethersulfone membranes , 2016, Bioresources and Bioprocessing.

[65]  R. Zhao,et al.  Recycling Cellulase from Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Laser-Pretreated Corn Stover by UF Membrane , 2015 .

[66]  Birgir Norddahl,et al.  A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[67]  L. Giorno,et al.  Comparison between Lipase Performance Distributed at the O/W Interface by Membrane Emulsification and by Mechanical Stirring , 2021, Membranes.

[68]  Yung-Chuan Liu,et al.  Lipase-immobilized biocatalytic membranes for biodiesel production. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[69]  J. Parajó,et al.  Production of pectin-derived oligosaccharides from lemon peels by extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis and membrane filtration , 2016 .

[70]  T. Swaminathan,et al.  Lactic acid fermentation in cell-recycle membrane bioreactor , 2006, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[71]  L. Giorno,et al.  Development of a Novel Immobilization Method by Using Microgels to Keep Enzyme in Hydrated Microenvironment in Porous Hydrophobic Membranes. , 2017, Macromolecular bioscience.

[72]  E. Drioli,et al.  Biocatalytic membrane reactor and membrane emulsification concepts combined in a single unit to assist production and separation of water unstable reaction products , 2010 .

[73]  Manoj Kumar Enamala,et al.  Production of biofuels from microalgae - A review on cultivation, harvesting, lipid extraction, and numerous applications of microalgae , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[74]  D. Klingenberg,et al.  Rheology measurements of a biomass slurry: an inter-laboratory study , 2009 .

[75]  M. Pinelo,et al.  Enzyme membrane reactors for production of oligosaccharides: A review on the interdependence between enzyme reaction and membrane separation , 2020 .

[76]  J. Parajó,et al.  Advances in the manufacture, purification and applications of xylo-oligosaccharides as food additives and nutraceuticals , 2006 .

[77]  A. Cassano,et al.  Purification of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) by three-stage serial nanofiltration units under critical transmembrane pressure conditions , 2017 .

[78]  K. Bélafi-Bakó,et al.  Enzymatic Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil by Candida antarctica Lipase in a Solvent-free System , 2002 .

[79]  Jinrong Liu,et al.  Forward osmosis membrane bioreactor using Bacillus and membrane distillation hybrid system for treating dairy wastewater , 2019, Environmental technology.

[80]  Z. Cui,et al.  Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in a membrane bioreactor: assessment of operating conditions , 2011, Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.

[81]  E. Drioli,et al.  Lipase-catalyzed optical resolution of racemic naproxen in biphasic enzyme membrane reactors , 2001 .

[82]  A. Meyer,et al.  Membrane technology for purification of enzymatically produced oligosaccharides: Molecular and operational features affecting performance , 2009 .

[83]  Wei Cheng,et al.  Biocatalytic and salt selective multilayer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membrane , 2018 .

[84]  Continuous biodiesel production using in situ glycerol separation by membrane bioreactor system , 2011, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.

[85]  Shui-Tein Chen,et al.  Improving the remaining activity of lignocellulolytic enzymes by membrane entrapment. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[86]  A. Razmjou,et al.  Two phase enzymatic membrane reactor for the production of biodiesel from crude Eruca sativa oil , 2019, Renewable Energy.

[87]  N. Nemestóthy,et al.  Hydrolysis of pectin by Aspergillus niger polygalacturonase in a membrane bioreactor , 2007 .

[88]  Y. Yoo,et al.  Membrane microreactor in biocatalytic transesterification of triolein for biodiesel production , 2010 .

[89]  Jack Saddler,et al.  Optimization of enzyme complexes for lignocellulose hydrolysis , 2007, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[90]  Duu-Jong Lee,et al.  Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biorefinery: Research focuses. , 2017, Bioresource technology.

[91]  Enrico Drioli,et al.  Biochemical Membrane Reactors in Industrial Processes , 2009 .

[92]  Jianquan Luo,et al.  Application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration for recycling cellulase and concentrating glucose from enzymatic hydrolyzate of steam exploded wheat straw. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[93]  R. García-Valls,et al.  Purification of xylo-oligosaccharides from almond shells by ultrafiltration , 2007 .

[94]  K. Elst,et al.  Continuous production of pectic oligosaccharides from sugar beet pulp in a cross flow continuous enzyme membrane reactor , 2018, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.

[95]  Zeyi Xiao,et al.  Pervaporation membrane bioreactor with permeate fractional condensation and mechanical vapor compression for energy efficient ethanol production , 2016 .

[96]  Enrico Drioli,et al.  Membrane Bioreactors for Green Processing in a Sustainable Production System , 2013 .

[97]  L. Giorno,et al.  Membrane Bioreactors in Food, Pharmaceutical and Biofuel Applications: State of the Art, Progresses and Perspectives , 2017 .

[98]  H. G. Spencer,et al.  Effects of Pectin Concentration and Crossflow Velocity on Permeability in the Microfiltration of Dilute Pectin Solutions by Macroporous Titania Membranes Containing Immobilized Pectinase , 1996 .

[99]  C. Garbisu,et al.  Viscosity decrease of pectin and fruit juices catalyzed by pectin lyase from Penicillium italicum in batch and continuous-flow membrane reactors , 1995 .