Productivity, profitability, efficiency, and land utilization scenarios of rice cultivation: An assessment of hybrid rice in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT The productivity gains attained from high-yielding varieties (HYV) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) developed during the Green Revolution are no longer sufficient to feed the increasing populace. This has led to a greater focus on hybrid rice (developed by crossing two inbred varieties). However, the adoption of hybrid rice is stagnant in Bangladesh. This study assessed the current status of hybrid vis-a-vis HYV rice, the problems in the adoption of hybrid rice, and the potential of hybrid rice in increasing productivity and farmers’ income. The technical efficiency of rice cultivation and determinants of inefficiency were also investigated in addition to the development of various optimal land utilization scenarios. Primary data from 400 randomly selected farmers were collected in 2016 from four districts, Dinajpur, Sherpur, Gopalganj, and Noakhali, in Bangladesh. The analytical methods included the marginal benefit-cost ratio, stochastic production possibility frontier, and linear programming. The results showed that hybrid rice had higher productivity (20–25%) than HYV rice, while the marginal benefit-cost ratios were higher than one (3.65–5.34) across all the sampled districts. The area under hybrid rice decreased and the growth rate was negative (–2.52%) during the study period due to the rising price of seed and insect infestation. Based on land utilization scenarios, the optimal land utilization would require reallocation of 8–52% rice area in favor of hybrid rice across the sampled districts. The efficiency analysis showed the mean technical efficiency of 76%, which indicated the presence of technical inefficiency in rice production, significantly affecting the outputs. Farmer's education and extension service access were the main avenues for reducing inefficiency. As hybrid rice has higher productivity and profitability, hybrid seeds provide opportunities for enhancing rice production in Bangladesh. Yet, this can only be achieved by developing and disseminating affordable hybrid seeds with insect pest resistance and improved palatability of grain. The concerned government departments should also provide better access to extension services to reduce production inefficiencies.

[1]  K. John,et al.  Technical Efficiency Analysis of Maize Farmers in the Eastern Region of Ghana , 2013 .

[2]  M. Lundy,et al.  A stochastic frontier analysis of technical efficiency in smallholder maize production in Zimbabwe: The post-fast-track land reform outlook , 2015 .

[3]  M. Külekçi.  Technical efficiency analysis for oilseed sunflower farms: a case study in Erzurum, Turkey. , 2010, Journal of the science of food and agriculture.

[4]  G. Battese,et al.  A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data , 1995 .

[5]  M. Hasanuzzaman,et al.  Comparative Performance of Hybrid and Elite Inbred Rice Varieties with respect to Their Source-Sink Relationship , 2015, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[6]  W. Grant,et al.  Farmer innovativeness and hybrid rice diffusion in Bangladesh , 2016 .

[7]  T. Coelli.  RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FRONTIER MODELLING AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT , 1995 .

[8]  Kolawole Ogundari.  The Paradigm of Agricultural Efficiency and its Implication on Food Security in Africa: What Does Meta-analysis Reveal?☆ , 2014 .

[9]  M. Asadullah,et al.  Farm productivity and efficiency in rural Bangladesh: the role of education revisited , 2009 .

[10]  M. Thomsen,et al.  Drivers and trade-offs of multiple environmental stressors from global rice , 2021 .

[11]  P. Amaza,et al.  The impact of mechanized processing of cassava on farmers’ production efficiency in Uganda , 2017 .

[12]  Subal C. Kumbhakar,et al.  Stochastic frontier analysis , 2000 .

[13]  Euan Fleming,et al.  Technical efficiency and productivity of maize producers in eastern Ethiopia: a study of farmers within and outside the Sasakawa-Global 2000 project , 1998 .

[14]  Shah,et al.  Adoption of Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh: Farm Level Experience , 2014 .

[15]  R. Hernández,et al.  The status of food security in the Feed the Future zone and other regions of Bangladesh: Results from the 2011–2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. , 2013 .

[16]  Patrick S. Ward,et al.  Public Expenditures, Private Incentives, and Technology Adoption: The Economics of Hybrid Rice in South Asia , 2012 .

[17]  M. Bozoğlu,et al.  Measuring the technical efficiency and exploring the inefficiency determinants of vegetable farms in Samsun province, Turkey , 2007 .

[18]  Ben White,et al.  Farm household efficiency in Bangladesh: a comparison of stochastic frontier and DEA methods , 2000 .

[19]  G. Thapa,et al.  Determinants and resource use efficiency of “better cotton”: An innovative cleaner production alternative , 2017 .

[20]  S. Mohanty,et al.  Factors Influencing Hybrid Rice Adoption: A Bangladesh Case , 2015 .

[21]  Mahabub Hossain,et al.  Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh: Progress and Determinants , 2005 .

[22]  S. Muthayya,et al.  An overview of global rice production, supply, trade, and consumption , 2014, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[23]  G. Thapa,et al.  Is ‘Better cotton’ better than conventional cotton in terms of input use efficiency and financial performance? , 2016 .

[24]  G. Bishwajit,et al.  Self-sufficiency in rice and food security: a South Asian perspective , 2013, Agriculture & Food Security.

[25]  M. Wopereis,et al.  Crops that feed the world 7: Rice , 2012, Food Security.

[26]  R. Schipper,et al.  Farmers' welfare, food production and the environment: a model-based assessment of the effects of new technologies in the northern Philippines , 2009 .

[27]  J. Hoddinott,et al.  Agriculture, Nutrition, and the Green Revolution in Bangladesh , 2015 .

[28]  A. Datta,et al.  Development of home garden model for year round production and consumption for improving resource-poor household food security in Bangladesh , 2016 .

[29]  G. Thapa,et al.  Agricultural sustainability assessment at provincial level in Pakistan , 2017 .

[30]  A. Datta,et al.  Synthetic Pheromone Lure and Apical Clipping Affects Productivity and Profitability of Eggplant and Cucumber , 2018 .

[31]  A. Heshmati,et al.  DEA, DFA and SFA: A comparison , 1996 .

[32]  W. Grant,et al.  Farmers' perception of risk in cultivating hybrid rice in Bangladesh , 2015 .

[33]  S. Rahman,et al.  Impact of environmental production conditions on productivity and efficiency: a case study of wheat farmers in Bangladesh. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[34]  P. Leung,et al.  Productive Efficiency of the Swine Industry in Hawaii: Stochastic Frontier vs. Data Envelopment Analysis , 1996 .

[35]  J. Wolf,et al.  Can Bangladesh produce enough cereals to meet future demand? , 2016, Agricultural systems.

[36]  A. Parikh,et al.  Measurement of Economic Efficiency in Pakistani Agriculture , 1995 .

[37]  M. Farrell.  The Measurement of Productive Efficiency , 1957 .

[38]  D. Hayati,et al.  Measuring Agricultural Sustainability , 2010 .

[39]  M. Islam,et al.  Economics of fertilizer use in the Maize-Mungbean/Dhaincha-T.aman rice cropping pattern , 2011 .

[40]  M. Gerlach.  Annual report 2015 , 2016, ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders.

[41]  A. Datta,et al.  Plastic mulch and indigenous microorganism effects on yield and yield components of cauliflower and tomato in inland and coastal regions of Bangladesh , 2017 .

[42]  Bangladesh. Parisaṃkhyāna Byuro,et al.  Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh , 1976 .

[43]  A. R. Reddy,et al.  Technical Inefficiency in Rice Production and Its Relationship with Farm-Specific Socio-Economic Characteristics , 2004 .

[44]  B. Bachwenkizi,et al.  Differentials in technical efficiency among smallholder cassava farmers in Central Madagascar: A Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier production approach , 2016 .