Advances in Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers: A Numerical Approach: Direct-sizing, Step-wise rating, and Transients

Preface Chapter 1: Classification 1.1 Class definition 1.2 Exclusions and extensions 1.3 Helical-tube, multi-start coil 1.4 Plate-fin exchangers 1.5 RODbaffle 1.6 Helically twisted flattened tube 1.7 Spirally wire-wrapped 1.8 Bayonet tube 1.9 Wire-woven heat exchangers 1.10 Porous matrix heat exchangers 1.11 Some possible applications Chapter 2: Fundamentals 2.1 Simple temperature distributions 2.2 Log mean temperature difference 2.3 LMTD-Ntu rating problem 2.4 LMTD-Ntu sizing problem 2.5 Link between Ntu values and LMTD 2.6 The 'theta' methods 2.7 Effectiveness and number of transfer units 2.8 1-Ntu rating problem 2.9 1-Ntu sizing problem 2.10 Comparison of LMTD-Ntu and 1-Ntu approaches 2.11 Sizing when Q is not specified 2.12 Optimum temperature profiles in contraflow 2.13 Optimum pressure losses in contraflow 2.14 Compactness and performance 2.15 Required values of Ntu in cryogenics 2.16 To dig deeper 2.17 Dimensionless groups Chapter 3: Steady-State Temperature Profiles 3.1 Linear temperature profiles in contraflow 3.2 General cases of contraflow and parallel flow 3.3 Condensation and evaporation 3.4 Longitudinal conduction in contraflow 3.5 Mean temperature difference in unmixed crossflow 3.6 Extension to two-pass unmixed crossflow 3.7 Involute-curved plate-fin exchangers 3.8 Longitudinal conduction in one-pass unmixed crossflow 3.9 Determined and undetermined crossflow 3.10 Possible optimization criteria 3.11 Cautionary remark about core pressure loss 3.12 Mean temperature difference in complex arrangements 3.13 Exergy destruction Chapter 4: Direct-Sizing of Plate-Fin Exchangers 4.1 Exchanger lay-up 4.2 Plate-fin surface geometries 4.3 Flow-friction and heat-transfer correlations 4.4 Rating and direct-sizing design software 4.5 Direct-sizing of an unmixed crossflow exchanger 4.6 Concept of direct-sizing in contraflow 4.7 Direct-sizing of a contraflow exchanger 4.8 Best of rectangular and triangular ducts 4.9 Best small, plain rectangular duct 4.10 Fine-tuning of ROSF surfaces 4.11 Overview of surface performance 4.12 Headers and flow distribution 4.13 Multi-stream design (cryogenics) 4.14 Buffer zone or leakage plate 'sandwich' 4.15 Consistency in design methods 4.16 Geometry of rectangular offset strip fins 4.17 Compact fin surfaces generally 4.18 Conclusions Chapter 5: Direct-Sizing of Helical-Tube Exchangers 5.1 Design framework 5.2 Consistent geometry 5.3 Simplified geometry 5.4 Thermal design 5.5 Completion of the design 5.6 Thermal design results for t/d =1.346 5.7 Fine tuning 5.8 Design for curved tubes 5.9 Discussion 5.10 Part-load operation with by-pass control 5.11 Conclusions Chapter 6: Direct-Sizing of Bayonet-Tube Exchangers 6.1 Isothermal shell-side conditions 6.2 Evaporation 6.3 Condensation 6.4 Design illustration 6.5 Non-isothermal shell-side conditions 6.6 Special explicit case 6.7 Explicit solution 6.8 General numerical solutions 6.9 Pressure loss 6.10 Conclusions Chapter 7: Direct-Sizing of RODbaffle Exchangers 7.1 Design framework 7.2 Configuration of the RODbaffle exchanger 7.3 Approach to direct-sizing 7.4 Flow areas 7.5 Characteristic dimensions 7.6 Design correlations 7.7 Reynolds numbers 7.8 Heat transfer 7.9 Pressure loss tube-side 7.10 Pressure loss shell-side 7.11 Direct-sizing 7.12 Tube-bundle diameter 7.13 Practical design 7.14 Generalized correlations 7.15 Recommendations 7.16 Other shell-and-tube designs 7.17 Conclusions Chapter 8: Exergy Loss and Pressure Loss Exergy loss 8.1 Objective 8.2 Historical development 8.3 Exergy change for any flow process 8.4 Exergy loss for any heat exchangers 8.5 Contraflow exchangers 8.6 Dependence of exergy loss number on absolute temperature level 8.7 Performance of cryogenic plant 8.8 Allowing for leakage 8.9 Commercial considerations 8.10 Conclusions Pressure loss 8.11 Control of flow distribution 8.12 Header design 8.13 Minimizing effects of flow maldistribution 8.14 Embedded heat exchangers 8.15 Pumping power Chapter 9: Transients in Heat Exchangers 9.1 Review of solution methods - contraflow 9.2 Contraflow with finite differences 9.3 Further considerations 9.4 Engineering applications - contraflow 9.5 Review of solution methods - crossflow 9.6 Engineering applications - crossflow Chapter 10: Single-Blow Test Methods 10.1 Features of the test method 10.2 Choice of theoretical model 10.3 Analytical and physical assumptions 10.4 Simple theory 10.5 Relative accuracy of outlet response curves in experimentation 10.6 Conclusions on test methods 10.7 Practical considerations 10.8 Solution by finite differences 10.9 Regenerators Chapter 11: Heat Exchangers in Cryogenic Plant 11.1 Background 11.2 Liquefaction concepts and components 11.3 Liquefaction of nitrogen 11.4 Hydrogen liquefaction plant 11.5 Preliminary direct-sizing of multi-stream heat exchangers 11.6 Step-wise rating of multi-stream heat exchangers 11.7 Future commercial applications 11.8 Conclusions Chapter 12: Heat Transfer and Flow Friction in Two-Phase Flow 12.1 With and without phase change 12.2 Two-phase flow regimes 12.3 Two-phase pressure loss 12.4 Two-phase heat-transfer correlations 12.5 Two-phase design of a double-tube exchanger 12.6 Discussion 12.7 Aspects of air conditioning 12.8 Rate processes Appendix A: Transient Equations with Longitudinal Conduction and Wall Thermal Storage A.1 Mass flow and temperature transients in contraflow A.2 Summarized development of transient equations for contraflow A.3 Computational approach Appendix B: Algorithms And Schematic Source Listings B.1 Algorithms for mean temperature distribution in one-pass unmixed crossflow B.2 Schematic source listing for direct-sizing of compact one-pass crossflow exchanger B.3 Schematic source listing for direct-sizing of compact contraflow exchanger B.4 Parameters for rectangular offset strip fins B.5 Longitudinal conduction in contraflow B.6 Spline-fitting of data B.7 Extrapolation of data B.8 Finite-difference solution schemes for transients Supplement to Appendix B - Transient Algorithms Appendix C: Optimization of Rectangular Offset Strip, Plate-Fin Surfaces C.1 Fine-tuning of rectangular offset strip fins C.2 Trend curves C.3 Optimization graphs C.4 Manglik & Bergles correlations Appendix D: Performance Data for RODbaffle Exchangers D.1 Further heat-transfer and flow-friction data D.2 Baffle-ring by-pass Appendix E: Proving the Single-Blow Test Method - Theory and Experimentation E.1 Analytical approach using Laplace transforms E.2 Numerical evaluation of Laplace outlet response E.3 Experimental test equipment Appendix F: Most Efficient Temperature Difference in Contraflow F.1 Calculus of variations F.2 Optimum temperature profiles Appendix G: Physical Properties of Materials and Fluids G.1 Sources of data G.2 Fluids G.3 Solids Appendix H: Source Books on Heat Exchangers H.1 Texts in chronological order H.2 Exchanger types not already covered H.3 Fouling - some recent literature Appendix I: Creep Life of Thick Tubes I.1 Applications I.2 Fundamental equations I.3 Early work on thick tubes I.4 Equivalence of stress systems I.5 Fail-safe and safe-life I.6 Constitutive equations for creep I.7 Clarke's creep curves I.8 Further and recent developments I.9 Acknowledgements Appendix J: Compact Surface Selection for Sizing Optimization J.1 Acceptable flow velocities J.2 Overview of surface performance J.3 Design problem J.4 Exchanger optimization J.5 Possible surface geometries Appendix K: Continuum Equations K.1 Laws of continuum mechanics K.2 Coupled continuum theory K.3 De-coupling the balance of energy equation Appendix L: Suggested Further Research L.1 Sinusoidal-lenticular surfaces L.2 Steady-state crossflow L.3 Header design L.4 Transients in contraflow Appendix M: Conversion Factors Notation Commentary Chapter 2: Fundamentals Chapter 3: Steady-state temperature profiles Chapter 4: Direct-sizing of plate-fin exchangers Chapter 5: Direct-sizing of helical-tube exchangers Chapter 6: Direct-sizing of bayonet-tube exchangers Chapter 7: Direct-sizing of RODbaffle exchangers Chapter 8: Exergy loss and pressure loss Chapter 9: Transients in heat exchangers Chapter 10: Single-blow test methods Chapter 11: Heat exchangers in cryogenic plant Chapter 12: Heat transfer and flow friction in two-phase flow Appendix A: Transient equations with longitudinal conduction and wall thermal storage Appendix I: Creep life of thick tubes Index