Research report Cortistatin and somatostatin mRNAs are differentially regulated in response to kainate 1

Cortistatin CST is a presumptive neuropeptide that shares 11 of its 14 amino acids with somatostatin SST . CST and SST are expressed in partially overlapping but distinct populations of cortical interneurons. In the hippocampal formation, most CST-positive cells are also positive for SST. In contrast to SST, administration of CST into the rat brain ventricles reduces locomotor activity and specifically enhances slow wave sleep. Intracerebroventricular injection of CST or SST has been shown to protect against the neurotoxic effects of kainic acid. Here, we show that CST and SST mRNAs respond differently to kainate-induced seizures. Furthermore, comparison of the upstream sequences from the CST and SST precursor genes reveal that they contain binding motifs for different transcriptional regulatory factors. Our data demonstrate that CST and SST, which are often co-expressed in the same neurons, are regulated by different stimuli. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

[1]  G. Siggins,et al.  Somatostatin acts in CA1 and CA3 to reduce hippocampal epileptiform activity. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  J. Dunlap.  Molecular Bases for Circadian Clocks , 1999, Cell.

[3]  Mark J. Zylka,et al.  A Molecular Mechanism Regulating Rhythmic Output from the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock , 1999, Cell.

[4]  B. Seetharam,et al.  A 69-Base Pair Fragment Derived from Human Transcobalamin II Promoter Is Sufficient for High Bidirectional Activity in the Absence of a TATA Box and an Initiator Element in Transfected Cells , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[5]  S. Schulz,et al.  Protective effects of cortistatin (CST-14) against kainate-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain , 1998, Brain Research.

[6]  J. Skene,et al.  The Activity of a Highly Promiscuous AP-1 Element Can Be Confined to Neurons by a Tissue-Selective Repressive Element , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[7]  D. Hoyer,et al.  [125I]Tyr10-cortistatin14 labels all five somatostatin receptors , 1998, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.

[8]  J. Kusiak,et al.  Single-stranded DNA-binding Proteins and Neuron-restrictive Silencer Factor Participate in Cell-specific Transcriptional Control of the NMDAR1 Gene* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[9]  J. Skene,et al.  Identification of a Novel Repressive Element That Contributes to Neuron-Specific Gene Expression , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  J. Changeux,et al.  The neuron-restrictive silencer element: a dual enhancer/silencer crucial for patterned expression of a nicotinic receptor gene in the brain. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  G. Forloni,et al.  Neuroprotective Effect of Somatostatin on Nonapoptotic NMDA‐Induced Neuronal Death: Role of Cyclic GMP , 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

[12]  G. Sperk,et al.  Functional changes in somatostatin and neuropeptide Y containing neurons in the rat hippocampus in chronic models of limbic seizures , 1996, Epilepsy Research.

[13]  E. Olson,et al.  Phosphorylation of the MADS-Box Transcription Factor MEF2C Enhances Its DNA Binding Activity* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  Massimo Rizzi,et al.  Neuropeptides-immunoreactivity and their mRNA expression in kindling: functional implications for limbic epileptogenesis , 1996, Brain Research Reviews.

[15]  G. Bing,et al.  Induction of NF‐kB‐like transcription factors in brain areas susceptible to kainate toxicity , 1996, Glia.

[16]  B. Black,et al.  Cooperative activation of muscle gene expression by MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins , 1995, Cell.

[17]  P. Baeuerle,et al.  Stimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors activates transcription factor NF-kappa B in primary neurons. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  M. Cervera,et al.  Determination of the Consensus Binding Site for MEF2 Expressed in Muscle and Brain Reveals Tissue-specific Sequence Constraints (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[19]  L. Kaczmarek,et al.  Seizure related changes in the regulation of opioid genes and transcription factors in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus , 1995, Neuroscience.

[20]  T. Quertermous,et al.  Cooperative interaction of GATA-2 and AP1 regulates transcription of the endothelin-1 gene , 1995, Molecular and cellular biology.

[21]  D. Hoyer,et al.  Functional effects of d-Phe-c[Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Trp-NH2 and differential changes in somatostatin receptor messenger RNAs, binding sites and somatostatin release in kainic acid-treated rats , 1995, Neuroscience.

[22]  S. Henriksen,et al.  Transcripts encoding a neural membrane CD26 peptidase-like protein are stimulated by synaptic activity. , 1994, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[23]  P. Sharp,et al.  The interaction of GATA-binding proteins and basal transcription factors with GATA box-containing core promoters. A model of tissue-specific gene expression. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  Elly Nedivi,et al.  Numerous candidate plasticity-related genes revealed by differential cDNA cloning , 1993, Nature.

[25]  S. Lipton,et al.  hMEF2C gene encodes skeletal muscle- and brain-specific transcription factors , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[26]  E. Olson,et al.  Helix-loop-helix proteins as regulators of muscle-specific transcription. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[27]  J. Habener,et al.  Somatostatin gene upstream enhancer element activated by a protein complex consisting of CREB, Isl-1-like, and alpha-CBF-like transcription factors. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[28]  T. Hashimoto,et al.  Induction of somatostatin by kainic acid in pyramidal and granule cells of the rat hippocampus , 1991, Neuroscience Research.

[29]  P. Howley,et al.  The functional BPV-1 E2 trans-activating protein can act as a repressor by preventing formation of the initiation complex. , 1991, Genes & development.

[30]  R. Quirion,et al.  Evidence that Somatostatin Enhances Endogenous Acetylcholine Release in the Rat Hippocampus , 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

[31]  M. Horikoshi,et al.  Engrailed, a homeodomain protein, can repress in vitro transcription by competition with the TATA box-binding protein transcription factor IID. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Conlon Jm.  Somatostatin: aspects of molecular evolution. , 1990 .

[33]  J. Lauterborn,et al.  Seizures, neuropeptide regulation, and mRNA expression in the hippocampus. , 1990, Progress in brain research.

[34]  T. Curran,et al.  Glutamate receptor agonists increase the expression of Fos, Fra, and AP‐1 DNA binding activity in the mammalian brain , 1989, Journal of neuroscience research.

[35]  G. Sperk,et al.  Concentrations of mRNAs encoding for preprosomatostatin and preprocholecystokinin are increased after kainic acid‐induced seizures , 1989, Synapse.

[36]  C. Luo,et al.  Structure and evolution of somatostatin genes. , 1988, Molecular endocrinology.

[37]  J. Dixon,et al.  Identification of the promoter sequences involved in the cell specific expression of the rat somatostatin gene. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[38]  F. Bloom,et al.  Somatostatin selectively enhances acetylcholine-induced excitations in rat hippocampus and cortex. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  M. Montminy,et al.  Primary structure of the gene encoding rat preprosomatostatin. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  U. Schibler,et al.  Tissue-specific expression of mouse α-amylase genes , 1980 .

[41]  D. Veber,et al.  Highly active cyclic and bicyclic somatostatin analogues of reduced ring size , 1979, Nature.