A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs.

The present paper reviews the active, natural principles and crude extracts of plants which have been experimentally studied for hypoglycemic activity in the last ten years. Phytoconstituents with known structures have been classified in appropriate chemical groups and the active crude extracts have been listed alphabetically according to genus. Data are reported on their pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, toxicity and other properties.

[1]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans I, J, K and L, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. , 1985, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[2]  S. Shibata,et al.  Pharmacological sequential trials for the fractionation of components with hypoglycemic activity in alloxan diabetic mice from ginseng radix. , 1981, Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics.

[3]  W. Hayes,et al.  Effect of Coprinus comatus on plasma glucose concentrations in mice. , 1984, Planta medica.

[4]  Chen Qm,et al.  [Studies on the hypoglycemic effect of Coptis chinensis and berberine]. , 1986, Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica.

[5]  J. Mossa A Study on the Crude Antidiabetic Drugs Used in Arabian Folk Medicine , 1985 .

[6]  M. Payá,et al.  Tormentic acid, a new hypoglycemic agent from Poterium ancistroides. , 1986, Planta medica.

[7]  H. Hikino,et al.  Structure of panaxan B, a hypoglycaemic glycan of Panax ginseng roots☆ , 1985 .

[8]  E. Shanmugasundaram,et al.  Enzyme changes and glucose utilisation in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. , 1983, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[9]  A. Undie,et al.  Pharmacological evaluation of Dioscorea dumetorum tuber used in traditional antidiabetic therapy. , 1986, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[10]  Karagezian Kg,et al.  Hypoglycemic action of Bryonia alba L. unsaturated fatty trihydroxy acids in alloxan diabetes , 1981 .

[11]  J. Baccou,et al.  Hypocholesterolaemic effect of fenugreek seeds in dogs. , 1984, Atherosclerosis.

[12]  H. Yeung,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a galactose binding lectin with insulinomimetic activities. From the seeds of the bitter gourd Momordica charantia (Family Cucurbitaceae). , 2009, International journal of peptide and protein research.

[13]  C. Bailey,et al.  Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). , 1981, British medical journal.

[14]  M. Gupta,et al.  Hypoglycemic activity of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. BR. , 1984, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[15]  S. Singh,et al.  A study on the anti-diabetic activity of Coccinia indica in dogs. , 1985, Indian journal of medical sciences.

[16]  P. Murray,et al.  GROWTH HORMONE AND KWASHIORKOR: Role of Protein in Growth-hormone Homœostasis , 1966 .

[17]  S. Gambhir,et al.  PANCREATIC BETA-CELL REGENERATION IN RATS BY (-)-EPICATECHIN , 1981, The Lancet.

[18]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of atractans A, B and C, glycans of Atractylodes japonica rhizomes. , 1985, Planta medica.

[19]  S. Howell,et al.  Assessment of the antidiabetic activity of epicatechin in streptozotocin-diabetic and spontaneously diabetic BB/E rats , 1985, Bioscience reports.

[20]  J. Sinsheimer,et al.  Constuents from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. V. Isolation and preliminary characterization of the gymnemic acids. , 1970, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[21]  P. Schiff,et al.  The lack of effectiveness of (-)-epicatechin against alloxan induced diabetes in Wistar rats. , 1983, Life sciences.

[22]  A. Wadood,et al.  Effect of Eriobotrya japonica on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. , 1988, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association.

[23]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Isolation and Hypoglycemic Activity of Panaxans F, G and H, Glycans of Panax ginseng Roots , 1985 .

[24]  A. Zarzuelo,et al.  Hypoglycemic activity of Salvia lavandulifolia. , 1986, Planta medica.

[25]  H. Yeung,et al.  Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. , 1985, General pharmacology.

[26]  M. Athar,et al.  Effect of Momordica charantia on blood glucose level of normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. , 1981, Planta medica.

[27]  T. Okuda,et al.  Study on Psidium guajava L. (I) : Anti-diabetic Effect and Effective Components of the Leaf of Psidium guajava L. (Part 1) , 1985 .

[28]  C. Bailey,et al.  Cerasee, a traditional treatment for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. , 1985, Diabetes research.

[29]  K. Sugiyama,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of aconitans A, B, C and D, glycans of Aconitum carmichaeli roots. , 1985, Planta medica.

[30]  M. Payá,et al.  Antihyperglycemic and insulin-releasing effects of beta-sitosterol 3-beta-D-glucoside and its aglycone, beta-sitosterol. , 1988, Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie.

[31]  J. Calleja,et al.  A preliminary study of hypoglycemic activity of Rubus fruticosus. , 1980, Planta medica.

[32]  A. Sa,et al.  Effect of Fenugreek and Lupine Seeds on the Development of Experimental Diabetes in Rats , 1988 .

[33]  Y. Monsereenusorn,et al.  The inhibitory effect of capsaicin on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro: II. Effect of capsaicin upon intestinal Na+-K+-ATPase activities , 1979 .

[34]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots. , 1986, Journal of natural products.

[35]  J. Jass,et al.  A NEW PROGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION OF RECTAL CANCER , 1987, The Lancet.

[36]  Morrison Ey,et al.  The effect of Bixa orellana (annatto) on blood sugar levels in the anaesthetized dog. , 1985 .

[37]  D. Chenon,et al.  Effects of fenugreek seeds on endocrine pancreatic secretions in dogs. , 1984, Annals of nutrition & metabolism.

[38]  P. Schiff,et al.  A constituent of Pterocarpus marsupium, (-)-epicatechin, as a potential antidiabetic agent. , 1983, Journal of natural products.

[39]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of panaxans Q, R, S, T and U, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. , 1985, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[40]  S. Gambhir,et al.  The prophylactic action of (-)-epicatechin against alloxan induced diabetes in rats. , 1981, Life sciences.

[41]  S. Gupta,et al.  Functional beta cell regeneration in the islets of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats by (-)-epicatechin. , 1982, Life sciences.

[42]  M. Tariq,et al.  The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations. , 1986, Hormone research.

[43]  E. Shanmugasundaram,et al.  The insulinotropic activity of Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. An Indian medical herb used in controlling diabetes mellitus. , 1981, Pharmacological research communications.

[44]  S. Jain,et al.  Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. , 1981, Journal of natural products.

[45]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of coixans A, B and C, glycans of Coix lachryma-jobi var. ma-yuen seeds. , 1986, Planta medica.

[46]  T. Mizuno,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of lithospermans A, B and C, glycans of Lithospermum erythrorhizon roots. , 1985, Planta medica.

[47]  M. H. Sheriff,et al.  Effect of Momordica charantia on the glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. , 1986, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[48]  H. Hikino,et al.  Glycan structures of ganoderans b and c, hypoglycemic glycans of ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies , 1986 .

[49]  G. Zahnd,et al.  Plants with Oral Hypoglycaemic Action , 1979 .

[50]  Y. Monsereenusorn,et al.  Inhibitory effect of capsaicin on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro. , 1978, Food and cosmetics toxicology.

[51]  E. Morrison,et al.  A preliminary study of the effects of some West Indian medicinal plants on blood sugar levels in the dog. , 1982, The West Indian medical journal.

[52]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of quinquefolans A, B, and C, glycans of Panax quinquefolium roots. , 1987, Journal of natural products.

[53]  M. S. Karawya,et al.  Diphenylamine, an antihyperglycemic agent from onion and tea. , 1984, Journal of natural products.

[54]  P. Main,et al.  Saudin, a hypoglycemic diterpenoid, with a novel 6,7-seco-labdane carbon skeleton, from Cluytia richardiana , 1985 .

[55]  M. Elfellah,et al.  Anti-hyperglycaemic effect of an extract of Myrtus communis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. , 1984, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[56]  N. Al-Waili TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS BY ARTEMISIA HERBA‐ALBA EXTRACT: PRELIMINARY STUDY , 1986, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.

[57]  S. Howell,et al.  Effects of flavonoids on insulin secretion and 45Ca2+ handling in rat islets of Langerhans. , 1985, The Journal of endocrinology.

[58]  J. Calleja,et al.  Effects of Lythrum salicaria in normoglycemic rats. , 1985, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[59]  T. Mizuno,et al.  Isolation and Hypoglycemic Activity of Ephedrans A, B, C, D and E, Glycans of Ephedra distachya Herbs1 , 1985, Planta medica.

[60]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of anemarans A, B, C and D, glycans of Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizomes. , 1985, Planta medica.

[61]  T. Khaliq,et al.  Effects of Euphorbia prostrata and Fumaria parviflora in Normoglycaemic and Alloxan-treated Hyperglycaemic Rabbits , 1984, Planta medica.

[62]  R. Almeida,et al.  Chemistry and pharmacology of an ethanol extract of Bumelia sartorum. , 1985, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[63]  H. Kolb,et al.  LACK OF ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF (-)-EPICATECHIN , 1982, The Lancet.

[64]  J. Munoz,et al.  A study of the hypoglycemic effect of some Mexican plants. , 1984, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[65]  M. Amer,et al.  Antidiabetic Effect of Tecomine and Tecostanine , 1966 .

[66]  J. Welihinda,et al.  Extra-pancreatic effects of Momordica charantia in rats. , 1986, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[67]  V. Mellado,et al.  Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Cecropia obtusifolia on the Blood Sugar of Normal and Pancreatectomized Dogs , 1984 .

[68]  K. Sugiyama,et al.  Partial structure of panaxan A, a hypoglycaemic glycan of Panax ginseng roots. , 1984, Planta medica.

[69]  B. Mukherjee,et al.  Blood Sugar Lowering Activity of Swertia chirata (Buch-Ham) Extract , 1987 .

[70]  T. Yokozawa,et al.  Studies on the mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity of ginsenoside-Rb2 in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. , 1985, Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[71]  M. Yasuda,et al.  Effects of a hypoglycemic component of ginseng radix on insulin biosynthesis in normal and diabetic animals. , 1982, Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics.

[72]  H. Yeung,et al.  Insulin-like molecules in Momordica charantia seeds. , 1986, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[73]  H. Mahtab,et al.  Treatment of diabetes mellitus with Coccinia indica. , 1980, British medical journal.

[74]  M. Kimura,et al.  Effects of hypoglycemic components in ginseng radix on blood insulin level in alloxan diabetic mice and on insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. , 1981, Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics.

[75]  K. Alberti,et al.  Effect of guar on second-meal glucose tolerance in normal man. , 1986, Clinical science.

[76]  Y. Monsereenusorn Effect of capsaicin on intestinal glucose metabolism in vitro , 1979 .

[77]  G. Arvidson,et al.  The insulin-releasing activity of the tropical plant momordica charantia. , 1982, Acta biologica et medica Germanica.

[78]  I. C. Torres,et al.  A preliminary study of hypoglycemic activity of Lythrum salicaria. , 1980, Journal of natural products.

[79]  Á. Gato,et al.  Centaurea corcubionensis: a study of its hypoglycemic activity in rats. , 1988, Planta medica.

[80]  M. Meckes-Lozoya,et al.  The hypoglucemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha studied in different animal experimental models. , 1983, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[81]  M. Lozoya-Meckes,et al.  Is the Tecoma stans infusion an antidiabetic remedy? , 1985, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[82]  S. Howell,et al.  Effects of Epicatechin on Rat Islets of Langerhans , 1984, Diabetes.

[83]  S. Sirimanne,et al.  Oral hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. , 1984, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[84]  F. Sulman,et al.  Hypoglycaemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum and Lupinus termis (leguminosae) seeds and their major alkaloids in alloxan-diabetic and normal rats. , 1974, Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie.

[85]  J. Dilawari,et al.  TREATMENT OF DIABETES WITH GUAR GUM Reduction of Urinary Glucose Loss in Diabetics , 1977, The Lancet.

[86]  R. Román-Ramos,et al.  Opuntia streptacantha: a coadjutor in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. , 1986, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[87]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of dioscorans A, B, C, D, E, and F; glycans of Dioscorea japonica rhizophors. , 1986, Planta medica.

[88]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of ganoderans A and B, glycans of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. , 1985, Planta medica.

[89]  M. Kimura,et al.  The pattern of action of blended Chinese traditional medicines to glucose tolerance curves in genetically diabetic KK-CAy mice. , 1981, Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics.

[90]  M. Payá,et al.  Effect of tormentic acid on insulin secretion in isolated rat islets of langerhans , 1989 .

[91]  C. Chakrabarti,et al.  Effects of bittergourd (Momordica charantia) seed & glibenclamide in streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. , 1982, Indian journal of experimental biology.

[92]  R. Camacho,et al.  Efecto hipoglucemiante del nopal , 1979 .

[93]  T. Mizuno,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of moran A, a glycoprotein of Morus alba root barks. , 1985, Planta medica.

[94]  P. Akubue,et al.  Clinical evaluation of a traditional herbal practice in Nigeria: a preliminary report. , 1982, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[95]  I. Kitagawa,et al.  [Biologically active principles of crude drugs. Antidiabetic principles of corni fructus in experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin (author's transl)]. , 1981, Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

[96]  M. Meckes-Lozoya,et al.  Hepatic glycogenolysis produced by intraperitoneal administration of total extract of Tecoma stans in rats. , 1985, Archivos de investigacion medica.

[97]  K. Sugiyama,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of panaxans A, B, C, D and E, glycans of Panax ginseng roots. , 1984, Planta medica.

[98]  M. Payá,et al.  Hypoglycemic and insulin release effects of tormentic acid: a new hypoglycemic natural product. , 1988, Planta medica.

[99]  J. Cheng,et al.  Hypoglycemic effect of guava juice in mice and human subjects. , 1983, The American journal of Chinese medicine.

[100]  H. Hikino,et al.  Effect of glycans of Saccharum officinarum on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of rats. , 1985, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[101]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of oryzabrans A, B, C and D, glycans of Oryza sativa bran. , 1986, Planta medica.

[102]  J. Sinsheimer,et al.  Constituents from Gymnem sylvestre Leaves VI: Acylated Genins of the Gymnemic Acids-Isolation and Preliminary Characterization , 1970 .

[103]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Oral Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. Leaf Extracts Inducing Protracted Longevity and Hypoglycemia in Alloxan Diabetic Rats: Review and Experimental Study , 1986 .

[104]  J. Calleja,et al.  Effects of Lythrum salicaria extracts on hyperglycemic rats and mice. , 1986, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[105]  H. Hikino,et al.  Isolation and Hypoglycemic Activity of Arborans A and B, Glycans of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis Leaves , 1986 .

[106]  Y. Kimura,et al.  Effects of the extracts of Ganoderma lucidum on blood glucose level in rats. , 1988, Planta medica.