Integrating renewable energy in smart grid system: Architecture, virtualization and analysis

Abstract Renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) are the key technologies for smart grid applications and provide great opportunities to de-carbonize urban areas, regulate frequency, voltage deviations, and respond to severe time when the load exceeds the generation. Nevertheless, uncertainty and inherent intermittence of renewable power generation units impose severe stresses on power systems. Energy storage systems such as battery energy storage system enables the power grid to improve acceptability of intermittent renewable energy generation. To do so, a successful coordination between renewable power generation units, ESSs and the grid is required. Nonetheless, with the existing grid architecture, achieving the aforementioned targets is intangible. In this regard, coupling renewable energy systems with different generation characteristics and equipping the power systems with the battery storage systems require a smooth transition from the conventional power system to the smart grid. Indeed, this coordination requires not only robust but also innovative controls and models to promote the implementation of the next-generation grid architecture. In this context, the present research proposes a smart grid architecture depicting a smart grid consisting of the main grid and multiple embedded micro-grids. Moreover, a focus has been given to micro-grid systems by proposing a “Micro-grid Key Elements Model” (MKEM). The proposed model and architecture are tested and validated by virtualization. The implementation of the virtualized system integrates solar power generation units, battery energy storage systems with the proposed grid architecture. The virtualization of the proposed grid architecture addresses issues related to Photovoltaic (PV) penetration, back-feeding, and irregularity of supply. The simulation results show the effect of Renewable Energy (RE) integration into the grid and highlight the role of batteries that maintain the stability of the system.

[1]  Emilio Ghiani,et al.  A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Development of Smart Distribution Networks , 2018, Energies.

[2]  Dane Christensen,et al.  Foresee: A user-centric home energy management system for energy efficiency and demand response , 2017 .

[3]  Ned Djilali,et al.  GridLAB-D: An Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Smart Grids , 2014, J. Appl. Math..

[4]  Laurent Pagnier,et al.  Large electric load fluctuations in energy-efficient buildings and how to suppress them with demand side management , 2016, 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe).

[5]  Jaroslaw Tarnawski,et al.  Microgrid energy management system , 2016, 2016 21st International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR).

[6]  Ruwen Qin,et al.  Coordination of Constituent Systems for Functionalizing Systems of Systems: An Exploration , 2017 .

[7]  Christof Weinhardt,et al.  Designing microgrid energy markets A case study: The Brooklyn Microgrid , 2018 .

[8]  Vahid Vahidinasab,et al.  SoS-based multiobjective distribution system expansion planning , 2016 .

[9]  Marc Ringel,et al.  The governance of the European Energy Union: Efficiency, effectiveness and acceptance of the Winter Package 2016 , 2018 .

[10]  Filip De Turck,et al.  Overlay networks for smart grids , 2013 .

[11]  Marie-Hélène Abel,et al.  MBA: A system of systems architecture model for supporting collaborative work , 2018, Comput. Ind..

[12]  Carlos Moreira,et al.  Experimental validation of smart distribution grids: Development of a microgrid and electric mobility laboratory , 2016 .

[13]  Joeri Van Mierlo,et al.  Modeling, analysis and feasibility study of new drivetrain architectures for off-highway vehicles , 2016 .

[14]  Christian Breyer,et al.  How much energy storage is needed to incorporate very large intermittent renewables , 2017 .

[15]  Y. Parag,et al.  Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[16]  Qiang Fu,et al.  Microgrid Generation Capacity Design With Renewables and Energy Storage Addressing Power Quality and Surety , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[17]  Joeri Van Mierlo,et al.  Modeling and analysis of a hybrid PV/Second-Life battery topology based fast DC-charging systems for electric vehicles , 2015, 2015 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15 ECCE-Europe).

[18]  Ned Djilali,et al.  Transactive control of fast-acting demand response based on thermostatic loads in real-time retail electricity markets , 2018 .

[19]  Jian Shen,et al.  Secure data uploading scheme for a smart home system , 2018, Inf. Sci..

[20]  Manuel Castillo-Cagigal,et al.  Effects of Large-scale PV Self-consumption on the Aggregated Consumption , 2016, ANT/SEIT.

[21]  Kenneth Magel,et al.  UML design patterns in a Smart Grid , 2011 .

[22]  Janos Sebestyen Janosy.  The Intelligent Electricity Network of the Future: SmartGrid , 2015, UKSim.

[23]  Nadia Maïzi,et al.  The renewable energy revolution of reunion island , 2018 .

[24]  Stefan Wurster,et al.  Two ways to success expansion of renewable energies in comparison between Germany's federal states , 2018, Energy Policy.

[25]  Jan Kleissl,et al.  Research on impacts of distributed versus centralized solar resource on distribution network using power system simulation and solar now-casting with sky imager , 2015, 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC).

[26]  F. Segura,et al.  Study of a renewable energy sources-based smart grid. requirements, targets and solutions , 2016, 2016 3rd Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICPERE).

[27]  Abhilash Gopalakrishnan,et al.  Animated operational scenarios for microgrid systems using scenario visualization and simulation tools , 2014, 2014 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference - South Asia Satellite (GHTC-SAS).

[28]  J. Wood.  Integrating renewables into the grid: Applying UltraBattery® Technology in MW scale energy storage solutions for continuous variability management , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON).

[29]  Mubashir Husain Rehmani,et al.  Energy replenishment using renewable and traditional energy resources for sustainable wireless sensor networks: A review , 2015 .

[30]  Jiří Jaromír Klemeš,et al.  Peak-off-peak load shifting for optimal storage sizing in hybrid power systems using Power Pinch Analysis considering energy losses , 2018, Energy.

[31]  Nien-Che Yang,et al.  Decomposed Newton algorithm-based three-phase power-flow for unbalanced radial distribution networks with distributed energy resources and electric vehicle demands , 2018 .

[32]  G. Notton,et al.  Intermittent and stochastic character of renewable energy sources: Consequences, cost of intermittence and benefit of forecasting , 2018 .

[33]  Ricardo Pineda,et al.  Model Based Systems Engineering for Smart Grids as Systems of Systems , 2011, Complex Adaptive Systems.

[34]  Nazir Ahmad Zafar,et al.  UML based Formal Model of Smart Transformer Power System , 2017 .

[35]  Abdelhakim Hafid,et al.  Smart grid architecture and impact analysis of a residential microgrid , 2016, 2016 4th IEEE International Colloquium on Information Science and Technology (CiSt).

[36]  Bharat Vyakaranam,et al.  Modeling of GE Appliances in GridLAB-D: Peak Demand Reduction , 2012 .

[37]  Vedad Mujan,et al.  Exergy cost of information and communication equipment for smart metering and smart grids , 2018 .

[38]  Dilson Amancio Alves,et al.  New representation of PV buses in the current injection Newton power flow , 2017 .

[39]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Networked Microgrids for Self-Healing Power Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[40]  Carlos Eduardo Cugnasca,et al.  Home automation networks: A survey , 2017, Comput. Stand. Interfaces.

[41]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  Physical integration of PV-battery system: Advantages, challenges, and thermal model , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON).

[42]  Wolfgang Kastner,et al.  Engineering Smart Grids: Applying Model-Driven Development from Use Case Design to Deployment , 2017 .

[43]  Jayashri Ravishankar,et al.  Computational tools for design, analysis, and management of residential energy systems , 2018, Applied Energy.

[44]  Slobodan Lukovic,et al.  Adoption of model-driven methodology to aggregations design in Smart Grid , 2011, 2011 9th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics.

[45]  Hoda Akbari,et al.  Efficient energy storage technologies for photovoltaic systems , 2019, Solar Energy.

[46]  P. Pinceti,et al.  Real time simulator for microgrids , 2018, Electric Power Systems Research.

[47]  Michel Noussan,et al.  Performance based approach for electricity generation in smart grids , 2018, Applied Energy.

[48]  A.S.N. Huda,et al.  Large-scale integration of distributed generation into distribution networks: Study objectives, review of models and computational tools , 2017 .

[49]  S. Sermakani,et al.  Power Demand Optimization in Smart Grid via Wireless Networks , 2014 .

[50]  M. J. Hossain,et al.  Advanced decentralized DER control for islanded microgrids , 2014, 2014 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC).

[51]  Aggelos S. Bouhouras,et al.  Optimal active and reactive nodal power requirements towards loss minimization under reverse power flow constraint defining DG type , 2016 .

[52]  Emad Samuel Malki Ebeid,et al.  Model-Driven Design Approach for Building Smart Grid Applications , 2016, 2016 Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD).

[53]  Duncan S. Callaway,et al.  Effects of distributed PV generation on California’s distribution system, part 2: Economic analysis , 2016 .

[54]  Alejandro Garces,et al.  DERs integration in microgrids using VSCs via proportional feedback linearization control: Supercapacitors and distributed generators , 2018 .

[55]  Mark de Reuver,et al.  How should grid operators govern smart grid innovation projects? An embedded case study approach , 2016 .

[56]  József Benedek,et al.  Evaluation of renewable energy sources in peripheral areas and renewable energy-based rural development , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[57]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Enhancing smart grid with microgrids: Challenges and opportunities , 2017 .

[58]  Abdelhakim Hafid,et al.  Modeling a smart grid using objects interaction , 2015, 2015 3rd International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC).

[59]  Christof Weinhardt,et al.  Designing microgrid energy markets , 2018 .

[60]  Hartmut Schmeck,et al.  Organic Architecture for Energy Management and Smart Grids , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing.

[61]  Mohsen Zare,et al.  Robust energy management of a microgrid with photovoltaic inverters in VAR compensation mode , 2018, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems.

[62]  Florin Pop,et al.  A System of Systems approach for data centers optimization and integration into smart energy grids , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[63]  Martin Braun,et al.  A survey and statistical analysis of smart grid co-simulations , 2018, Applied Energy.

[64]  Ning Wang,et al.  Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading among Microgrids with Multidimensional Willingness , 2018, Energies.