Conducting polymers - bridging the bionic interface.

Inherently conducting polymers (ICPs) such as polypyrroles, polythiophenes and polyanilines have become commonplace in today's materials research laboratories. However, the most intriguing aspect of these materials - the ability to electronically control a range of physical and chemical properties - remains an area of intense and intriguing research activity. As we understand more of this behaviour, we have turned our attention to a range of areas in which it can be utilised. Perhaps the most challenging of these areas is in bridging the bionic interface, providing a more effective conduit between electronics and biology.

[1]  Koon Gee Neoh,et al.  Physicochemical and blood compatibility characterization of polypyrrole surface functionalized with heparin , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[2]  A. Rinzler,et al.  Carbon nanotube actuators , 1999, Science.

[3]  E. García-Ruiz,et al.  Recent Advances in Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers in Amperometric Biosensors , 2003 .

[4]  Von Howard Ebron,et al.  Fuel-Powered Artificial Muscles , 2006, Science.

[5]  Gursel Alici,et al.  A methodology towards geometry optimization of high performance polypyrrole (PPy) actuators , 2006 .

[6]  Rachel Z. Pytel,et al.  Artificial muscle technology: physical principles and naval prospects , 2004, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[7]  G. G. Wallace,et al.  Human endothelial cell a , 1999 .

[8]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Probe beam deflection study on electrochemically controlled release of 5-fluorouracil , 1998 .

[9]  Qibing Pei,et al.  Conjugated polymers and the bending cantilever method: Electrical muscles and smart devices , 1992 .

[10]  Keiichi Kaneto,et al.  Free-standing gel-like polypyrrole actuators doped with bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide exhibiting extremely large strain , 2005 .

[11]  I. Hunter,et al.  Fast contracting polypyrrole actuators , 2000 .

[12]  Anita Sargent,et al.  The electrochemistry of antibody-modified conducting polymer electrodes , 1999 .

[13]  G G Wallace,et al.  Polypyrrole-heparin composites as stimulus-responsive substrates for endothelial cell growth. , 1999, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[14]  Dermot Diamond,et al.  Electrochemically-induced fluid movement using polypyrrole , 2005 .

[15]  G. Wallace,et al.  Use of Ionic Liquids for π-Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Devices , 2002, Science.

[16]  K. R. Atkinson,et al.  Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology , 2004, Science.

[17]  Magnus Berggren,et al.  Electrochemical control of surface wettability of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) , 2006 .

[18]  K G Neoh,et al.  Assessment of in vitro bioactivity of hyaluronic acid and sulfated hyaluronic acid functionalized electroactive polymer. , 2004, Biomacromolecules.

[19]  Geoffrey M. Spinks,et al.  Mechanism of electromechanical actuation in polypyrrole , 1995 .

[20]  Binbin Xi,et al.  Poly(3-methylthiophene) electrochemical actuators showing increased strain and work per cycle at higher operating stresses , 2006 .

[21]  Gordon G. Wallace,et al.  Pulse damperometric detection of proteins using antibody containing conducting polymers , 1993 .

[22]  Huijun Zhao,et al.  Electrochemically controlled transport of potassium chloride across a conducting electro-active polymer membrane , 1992 .

[23]  Graeme M. Clark,et al.  Bionic ears: their development and future advances using neurotrophins and inherently conducting polymers , 2004 .

[24]  Jie Ding,et al.  High performance conducting polymer actuators utilising a tubular geometry and helical wire interconnects , 2003 .

[25]  R. Baughman.  Conducting polymer artificial muscles , 1996 .

[26]  James R. Valentine,et al.  Electrochemically controlled binding and release of protonated dimethyldopamine and other cations from poly( N-methyl-pyrrole)/polyanion composite redox polymers , 1989 .

[27]  R Langer,et al.  Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  Benjamin R. Mattes,et al.  Conductive Fibre Prepared From Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyaniline for Smart Fabric and Interactive Textile Applications , 2005 .

[29]  G. Wallace,et al.  Pulsed amperometric detection of thaumatin using antibody-containing poly(pyrrole) electrodes , 1994 .

[30]  Vahid Mottaghitalab,et al.  Carbon‐Nanotube‐Reinforced Polyaniline Fibers for High‐Strength Artificial Muscles , 2006 .

[31]  Joseph P. Vacanti,et al.  Polypyrrole - A Potential Candidate for Stimulated Nerve Regeneration , 1995 .

[32]  Paul M. George,et al.  Fabrication and biocompatibility of polypyrrole implants suitable for neural prosthetics. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[33]  María Teresa Cortés,et al.  Electrochemistry and conducting polymers : soft, wet, multifunctional and biomimetic materials , 2001 .

[34]  Naoya Ogata,et al.  Reactive supramolecular assemblies of mucopolysaccharide, polypyrrole and protein as controllable biocomposites for a new generation of ‘intelligent biomaterials’ , 1994 .

[35]  Ian W. Hunter,et al.  Fast Carbon Nanotube Charging and Actuation , 2006 .

[36]  Joselito M. Razal,et al.  Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres , 2003, Nature.

[37]  Gordon G. Wallace,et al.  Factors influencing electrochemical release of 2,6-anthraquinone disulphonic acid from polypyrrole , 1994 .

[38]  Keiichi Kaneto,et al.  Polypyrrole–metal coil composite actuators as artificial muscle fibres , 2004 .

[39]  P. Poulin,et al.  Films and fibers of oriented single wall nanotubes , 2002 .

[40]  James H Marden,et al.  Molecules, muscles, and machines: Universal performance characteristics of motors , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  Min Zhao,et al.  Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential. , 2005, Physiological reviews.

[42]  Gordon G. Wallace,et al.  Manipulating and Monitoring Biomolecular Interactions with Conducting Electroactive Polymers , 2002 .

[43]  D. Rossi,et al.  Dressware: wearable hardware , 1999 .

[44]  C. Schmidt,et al.  Electrical stimulation alters protein adsorption and nerve cell interactions with electrically conducting biomaterials. , 2001, Biomaterials.

[45]  G. Wallace,et al.  Fast trilayer polypyrrole bending actuators for high speed applications , 2006 .

[46]  Gordon G. Wallace,et al.  Protein transport and separation using polypyrrole coated, platinised polyvinylidene fluoride membranes , 2000 .

[47]  Koon Gee Neoh,et al.  Plasma protein adsorption and thrombus formation on surface functionalized polypyrrole with and without electrical stimulation. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[48]  J. Hetke,et al.  Surface modification of neural recording electrodes with conducting polymer/biomolecule blends. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[49]  Göran Sundholm,et al.  Polypyrrole as a model membrane for drug delivery , 1998 .

[50]  R. Murray,et al.  Ion gate electrodes. Polypyrrole as a switchable ion conductor membrane , 1984 .

[51]  E. Smela,et al.  Controlled Folding of Micrometer-Size Structures , 1995, Science.

[52]  Gordon G Wallace,et al.  Inherently conducting polymer nanostructures. , 2002, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[53]  G. Wallace,et al.  Development of a polypyrrole-based human serum albumin sensor , 1991 .

[54]  S. D. Senturia,et al.  Macro Power from Micro Machinery , 1997, Science.

[55]  Joselito M. Razal,et al.  Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres - These extraordinary composite fibres can be woven into electronic textiles. , 2003 .