Investigational therapies for metastatic thyroid carcinoma.

Although traditional chemotherapy has yielded disappointing results in the therapy of progressive metastatic thyroid cancer, the recent development of a wide range of novel therapies targeting critical steps in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer has led to a renewed interest in thyroid cancer clinical trials. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer with particular emphasis on specific molecular targets that can be modulated with these novel agents. The article reviews the results for the small number of thyroid cancer patients included in published therapeutic trials and critically examines patient selection criteria for inclusion in clinical trials. Given the dramatic increase in availability of thyroid cancer clinical trials, all patients with radioactive iodine-refractory, progressive metastatic thyroid cancer should be considered for inclusion in a novel therapy trial.

[1]  W. Kim.  Management guidelines for patients with thyroid cancer , 2009 .

[2]  M. Ringel,et al.  Targeting BRAF in thyroid cancer , 2007, British Journal of Cancer.

[3]  M. Xing,et al.  Gene methylation in thyroid tumorigenesis. , 2007, Endocrinology.

[4]  E. Baudin,et al.  New therapeutic approaches for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. , 2007, The Lancet. Oncology.

[5]  D. Ball.  Medullary thyroid cancer: therapeutic targets and molecular markers , 2007, Current opinion in oncology.

[6]  M. Kris,et al.  A phase I trial of intermittent high-dose gefitinib and fixed-dose docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors , 2007, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.

[7]  Q. Duh,et al.  A phase II trial of rosiglitazone in patients with thyroglobulin-positive and radioiodine-negative differentiated thyroid cancer. , 2006, Surgery.

[8]  H. Gallowitsch,et al.  Is there a role for sandostatin treatment in patients with progressive thyroid cancer and iodine-negative but somatostatin-receptor-positive metastases? , 2006, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[9]  P. Santisteban,et al.  A perspective view of sodium iodide symporter research and its clinical implications. , 2006, European journal of endocrinology.

[10]  B. Pützer,et al.  Mechanisms of Disease: cancer targeting and the impact of oncogenic RET for medullary thyroid carcinoma therapy , 2006, Nature Clinical Practice Oncology.

[11]  F. Caponigro,et al.  New molecular targeted therapies in thyroid cancer , 2006, Anti-cancer drugs.

[12]  R. Kloos,et al.  Phase II study of celecoxib in metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[13]  J. Romijn,et al.  Bexarotene increases uptake of radioiodide in metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. , 2006, European journal of endocrinology.

[14]  S. Asa,et al.  Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[15]  A. Shaha,et al.  Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. , 2006, Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center.

[16]  Gerard M Doherty,et al.  Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. , 2006, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[17]  Mithat Gonen,et al.  Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[18]  Todd R. Golub,et al.  BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition , 2006, Nature.

[19]  E. Baudin,et al.  Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[20]  W. Chung,et al.  Treatment of thyroid cancer with histone deacetylase inhibitors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. , 2005, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[21]  M. Vaisman,et al.  Tumour re-differentiation effect of retinoic acid: a novel therapeutic approach for advanced thyroid cancer. , 2005, Current pharmaceutical design.

[22]  J. Fagin.  How thyroid tumors start and why it matters: kinase mutants as targets for solid cancer pharmacotherapy. , 2004, The Journal of endocrinology.

[23]  C. Spitzweg,et al.  Gene therapy for thyroid cancer: current status and future prospects. , 2004, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[24]  M. Ringel,et al.  Clinical review 158: Beyond radioiodine: a review of potential new therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer. , 2003, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[25]  D. Strumberg,et al.  Results of phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of the Raf kinase inhibitor BAY 43-9006 in patients with solid tumors. , 2002, International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[26]  A. Pinchera,et al.  Cytotoxic effects of carboplatinum and epirubicin in the setting of an elevated serum thyrotropin for advanced poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. , 2002, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[27]  J. Lewin,et al.  A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. , 2002, Cancer research.

[28]  R. Kloos,et al.  The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2001 by The Endocrine Society CLINICAL REVIEW 128 Current Approaches to Primary Therapy for Papillary , 2022 .

[29]  D. Dean,et al.  Prognostic indicators in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. , 2000, Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center.

[30]  S. Larson,et al.  Inhibition of metabolic activity in papillary thyroid carcinoma by a somatostatin analogue. , 2000, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[31]  I. Fleming,et al.  A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985‐1995 , 1998, Cancer.

[32]  L. Šefc,et al.  Protein kinase inhibitors , 1989, Cell.