Modified method for external attachment of transmitters to birds using two subcutaneous anchors

Of the transmitter attachment techniques for birds, the subcutaneous anchor provides a secure attachment that yields relatively few secondary effects. However, the use of subcutaneous anchors has been limited by transmitter size and retention time. Using a modified method of attachment that utilized two subcutaneous anchors, we deployed 69 GPS transmitters, plus 13 VHF transmitters that were similar in size and weight to GPS models, on Pacific Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans). Prior to our study, only harnesses were used for attaching GPS transmitters on birds, mainly because GPS transmitters are too large for other external attachment techniques and implantation in the body cavity attenuates the GPS signal. Thus, to increase the size capacity of anchor attachment and to avoid the well-documented negative effects of harnesses on behavior and survival, we added a second anchor at the transmitter's posterior end. The double-anchor attachment technique was quickly and easily accomplished in the field, requiring bird handling times of <10 min. Incidental recoveries of tagged Brant indicate a high degree of transmitter retention. Five recaptured birds (4–6 weeks after deployment) and eight killed by hunters (3–6 mo after deployment) retained their GPS transmitters. For studies involving the use of relatively large transmitters, the double-anchor method appears to provide a viable alternative for external attachment. SINOPSIS Entre las tecnicas para montar radiotransmisores a aves, el anclaje subcutaneo provee una forma segura de montaje que presenta muy pocos efectos secundarios. Sin embargo, la utilidad del anclaje subcutaneo ha sido limitada por el tamano del transmisor y el tiempo de retencion en el ave. Utilizando un metodo modificado que utiliza dos puntos subcutaneos de anclaje, desarrollamos 69 transmisores GPS y 13 transmisores VHF que replicaban el tamano y peso de modelos GPS, y que fueron montados en individuos del ganso, Branta bernicla nigricans. Previo a este estudio, solo se habian utilizado arneses para colocar radiotransmisores en los gansos. Esto fue asi porque los tipo GPS son demasiado grandes para ser colocados de otra manera y cuando se implantan en la cavidad celomica, queda atenuada la senal del transmisor. Por tal razon, y para incrementar la capacidad de anclaje del transmisor y evitar el impacto negativo documentado en los arneses (en conducta y sobrevivencia), anadimos un segundo punto de anclaje en la parte posterior del transmisor. La tecnica desarrollada fue facil de aplicar en el campo y se hizo de forma rapida (<10 minutos). Recobros incidentales de gansos (4 recapturas, 4–6 semanas despues) y ocho individuos cazados (3–6 meses despues) indicaron un 100% de retencion de los transmisores. Para estudios que conlleven transmisores de gran tamano, el metodo de doble anclaje parece proveer una alternativa adecuada.

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