Review of Solar Wind Entry into and Transport Within the Plasma Sheet

The plasma sheet is populated in part by the solar wind plasma. Four solar entry mechanisms are examined: (1) double cusp or double lobe reconnection, (2) Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI), (3) Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAW), and (4) Impulsive Penetration. These mechanisms can efficiently fill the plasma sheet with cold dense ions during northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The solar wind ions appear to have been heated upon entry along the plasma sheet dawn flank. The cold-component (solar wind origin) ion density is higher on the dawn flank than the dusk flank. The asymmetric evolution of the KAW and magnetic reconnection in association with the KHI at the dawn and dusk flank magnetopause may partly produce the dawn-dusk temperature and density asymmetries. Solar wind that crosses the magnetopause lowers the specific entropy (s=p/ργ) of the plasma sheet along the flanks. Subsequent transport of the cold ions from the flanks to the midnight meridian increases s by a factor of 5. Ti, Te, si, and se increase when the solar wind particles are transported across the magnetopause, but Ti/Te is roughly conserved. Within the magnetotail, E×B and curvature and gradient drifts play important roles in the plasma transport and can explain the large features seen in the plasma sheet. Turbulence can also play a significant role, particularly in the cold plasma transport from the flanks to the midnight meridian. Total entropy (S=pVγ) conservation provides important constraints on the plasma sheet transport, e.g., fast flows.

[1]  F. Low,et al.  The Boltzmann equation an d the one-fluid hydromagnetic equations in the absence of particle collisions , 1956, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[2]  T. Gold.  Motions in the magnetosphere of the Earth , 1959 .

[3]  G. Schmidt.  Plasma Motion Across Magnetic Fields , 1960 .

[4]  J. Dungey.  Interplanetary Magnetic Field and the Auroral Zones , 1961 .

[5]  B. Sonnerup,et al.  On magnetospheric interchange instability , 1963 .

[6]  Speiser.  PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES IN A MODEL CURRENT SHEET, BASED ON THE OPEN MODEL OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE, WITH APPLICATIONS TO AURORAL PARTICLES. Scientific Report No. 222 , 1965 .

[7]  T. Speiser.  Particle trajectories in model current sheets: 1. Analytical solutions , 1965 .

[8]  J. E. Hammel,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE PENETRATION OF A PLASMA STREAM INTO A TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD , 1965 .

[9]  Shea L. Valley.  Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environments , 1966 .

[10]  B. N. Rutkevich,et al.  PLASMA STREAM IN AN INHOMOGENEOUS TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD. , 1969 .

[11]  L. Burlaga,et al.  MICROSCALE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD. , 1969 .

[12]  C. Kennel,et al.  CHANGES IN MAGNETOSPHERIC CONFIGURATION DURING SUBSTORM GROWTH PHASE. , 1972 .

[13]  I. I. Demidenko,et al.  PLASMA FLOW IN A STRONG TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC FIELD. , 1972 .

[14]  E. W. Hones,et al.  Magnetotail plasma flow measured by Vela 4A , 1973 .

[15]  E. W. Hones,et al.  Association of plasma sheet thinning with neutral line formation in the magnetotail , 1974 .

[16]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Ionosphere-plasmasheet field-aligned currents and parallel electric fields , 1974 .

[17]  T. Hill.  Origin of the plasma sheet , 1974 .

[18]  F. Browand,et al.  Vortex pairing : the mechanism of turbulent mixing-layer growth at moderate Reynolds number , 1974, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[19]  H. Rosenbauer,et al.  Heos 2 plasma observations in the distant polar magnetosphere: The plasma mantle , 1975 .

[20]  A. Hasegawa,et al.  Kinetic Process of Plasma Heating Due to Alfvén Wave Excitation , 1975 .

[21]  A. Hasegawa,et al.  Kinetic processes in plasma heating by resonant mode conversion of Alfvén wave , 1976 .

[22]  T. Hill,et al.  Interchange stability of a rapidly rotating magnetosphere , 1976 .

[23]  K. Maezawa.  Magnetospheric convection induced by the positive and negative Z components of the interplanetary magnetic field: Quantitative analysis using polar cap magnetic records , 1976 .

[24]  J. Lemaire.  Impulsive penetration of filamentary plasma elements into the magnetospheres of the Earth and Jupiter , 1977 .

[25]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Penetration of solar wind plasma elements into the magnetosphere , 1978 .

[26]  A. Hasegawa,et al.  Anomalous transport produced by kinetic Alfvén wave turbulence , 1978 .

[27]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Field aligned distribution of plasma mantle and ionospheric plasmas. , 1978 .

[28]  Syun-Ichi Akasofu,et al.  A study of geomagnetic storms , 1978 .

[29]  G. Morfill,et al.  The formation of the plasma sheet resulting from plasma mantle dynamics , 1978 .

[30]  Nancy U. Crooker,et al.  Dayside merging and cusp geometry , 1979 .

[31]  I. Papamastorakis,et al.  Plasma acceleration at the Earth's magnetopause: evidence for reconnection , 1979, Nature.

[32]  W. J. Burke,et al.  Polar cap electric field structures with a northward interplanetary magnetic field , 1979 .

[33]  M. Rycroft,et al.  Control of impulsive penetration of solar wind irregularities into the magnetosphere by the interplanetary magnetic field direction , 1979 .

[34]  E. W. Hones.  Transient phenomena in the magnetotail and their relation to substorms , 1979 .

[35]  S. Cowley.  Plasma populations in a simple open model magnetosphere , 1980 .

[36]  R. Wolf,et al.  Is steady convection possible in the Earth's magnetotail? , 1980 .

[37]  D. Southwood,et al.  Some properties of a steady‐state geomagnetic tail , 1980 .

[38]  R. Heelis,et al.  Cusp region particle precipitation and ion convection for northward interplanetary magnetic field , 1980 .

[39]  R. Spiro,et al.  Cusp proton signatures and the interplanetary magnetic field , 1980 .

[40]  B. Sonnerup.  Theory of the low-latitude boundary layer , 1980 .

[41]  I. Papamastorakis,et al.  Evidence for magnetic field reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause , 1981 .

[42]  S. Cowley.  Magnetospheric and ionospheric flow and the interplanetary magnetic field , 1981 .

[43]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Differences between solar wind plasmoids and ideal magnetohydrodynamic filaments , 1981 .

[44]  Nikolai A. Tsyganenko,et al.  On the convective mechanism for formation of the plasma sheet in the magnetospheric tail , 1982 .

[45]  R. Lundin,et al.  Observations of penetrated solar wind plasma elements in the plasma mantle , 1982 .

[46]  C. Russell,et al.  The thickness of the magnetopause current layer: ISEE 1 and 2 observations , 1982 .

[47]  P. Reiff.  Sunward convection in both polar caps , 1982 .

[48]  D. Baker,et al.  Lion roars and nonoscillatory drift mirror waves in the magnetosheath , 1982 .

[49]  T. Hill.  Solar-Wind Magnetosphere Coupling , 1983 .

[50]  E. Dubinin,et al.  Solar wind energy transfer regions inside the dayside magnetopause. I: Evidence for magnetosheath plasma penetration , 1984 .

[51]  W. P. Olson,et al.  Magnetospheric responses to the gradient drift entry of solar wind plasma , 1985 .

[52]  D. Baker,et al.  North‐south and dawn‐dusk plasma asymmetries in the distant tail lobes: ISEE 3 , 1985 .

[53]  J. Lemaire.  Plasmoid motion across a tangential discontinuity (with application to the magnetopause) , 1985, Journal of Plasma Physics.

[54]  N. Crooker.  Global Geometry of Merging at the Dayside Magnetopause , 1986 .

[55]  C. Russell,et al.  Spatial distributions of magnetic field fluctuations in the dayside magnetosheath , 1986 .

[56]  G. Siscoe,et al.  An MHD model for the complete open magnetotail boundary , 1987 .

[57]  T. Moore,et al.  The ionosphere as a fully adequate source of plasma for the Earth's magnetosphere , 1987 .

[58]  A. Miura.  Simulation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetospheric boundary , 1987 .

[59]  J. Lemaire.  Interpretation of the northward BZ (NBZ) Birkeland current system and polar CAP convection patterns in terms of the impulsive penetration model , 2017 .

[60]  R. Lundin.  On the magnetospheric boundary layer and solar wind energy transfer into the magnetosphere , 1988 .

[61]  J. Drake,et al.  The helium components of energetic terrestrial ion upflows: Their occurrence, morphology, and intensity , 1988 .

[62]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Particle trapping at a tangential discontinuity: multiple incidence , 1988 .

[63]  M. Kivelson,et al.  On the possibility of quasi-static convection in the quiet magnetotail , 1988 .

[64]  R. Treumann,et al.  Plasma waves at the dayside magnetopause , 1988 .

[65]  J. Lemaire.  Impulsive Penetration of Solar Wind Plasma Irregularities into the Magnetosphere : Relevant Laboratory Experiments , 1989 .

[66]  A. Egeland,et al.  Electromagnetic coupling in the polar clefts and caps. Proceedings. , 1989 .

[67]  G. Paschmann,et al.  Average plasma properties in the central plasma sheet , 1989 .

[68]  A. Roux,et al.  Characterization of Alfvenic fluctuations in the magnetopause boundary layer , 1989 .

[69]  N. Tsyganenko.  A magnetospheric magnetic field model with a warped tail current sheet , 1989 .

[70]  J. L. Karty,et al.  Distribution of convection potential around the polar cap boundary as a function of the interplanetary magnetic field , 1989 .

[71]  R. Wolf,et al.  Transient flux tubes in the terrestrial magnetosphere , 1990 .

[72]  D. Sibeck.  A model for the transient magnetospheric response to sudden solar wind dynamic pressure variations , 1990 .

[73]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Pressure balance between lobe and plasma sheet , 1990 .

[74]  G. Siscoe,et al.  Downstream evolution of an open MHD magnetotail boundary , 1990 .

[75]  R. McPherron,et al.  7 – Physical Processes Producing Magnetospheric Substorms and Magnetic Storms , 1991 .

[76]  D. Winske,et al.  Kinetic simulation of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the Venus ionopause , 1991 .

[77]  C. Russell,et al.  Observations of reconnection of interplanetary and lobe magnetic field lines at the high‐latitude magnetopause , 1991 .

[78]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Non-steady-state solar wind-magnetosphere interaction , 1991 .

[79]  G. Paschmann,et al.  Bursty bulk flows in the inner central plasma sheet , 1992 .

[80]  C. Russell,et al.  Model of the formation of the low-latitude boundary layer for strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field , 1992 .

[81]  M. Roth.  On impulsive penetration of solar wind plasmoids into the geomagnetic field , 1992 .

[82]  R. Wolf,et al.  Interpretation of high‐speed flows in the plasma sheet , 1993 .

[83]  T. Onsager,et al.  Model of magnetosheath plasma in the magnetosphere: Cusp and mantle particles at low‐altitudes , 1993 .

[84]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  The near-Earth plasma sheet: An AMPTE/IRM perspective , 1993 .

[85]  C. Russell,et al.  Structure and properties of the subsolar magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field - Multiple-instrument particle observations , 1993 .

[86]  D. Winske,et al.  Kinetic simulations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause , 1993 .

[87]  M. Kivelson,et al.  Contributions of the low-latitude boundary layer to the finite width magnetotail convection model , 1993 .

[88]  R. Walker,et al.  A global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the response of the magnetosphere to a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field , 1994 .

[89]  C. Russell,et al.  Statistical characteristics of bursty bulk flow events , 1994 .

[90]  B. Anderson,et al.  Response of thermal ions to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves , 1994 .

[91]  Lou‐Chuang Lee,et al.  Kinetic Alfven waves as a source of plasma transport at the dayside magnetopause , 1994 .

[92]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Anomalous ion mixing within an MHD scale Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex , 1994 .

[93]  R. Walker,et al.  The population of the magnetosphere by solar winds ions when the interplanetary magnetic field is northward , 1994 .

[94]  R. Winglee,et al.  Dawn‐dusk asymmetries in the low‐latitude boundary layer arising from the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability: A particle simulation , 1995 .

[95]  Joachim Raeder,et al.  The structure of the distant geomagnetic tail during long periods of northward IMF , 1995 .

[96]  J. Lyon,et al.  The Earth's magnetosphere is 165 RE long: Self‐consistent currents, convection, magnetospheric structure, and processes for northward interplanetary magnetic field , 1995 .

[97]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Anomalous ion mixing within an MHD scale Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex. 2: Effects of inhomogeneity , 1995 .

[98]  A. Miura.  Dependence of the magnetopause Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability on the orientation of the magnetosheath magnetic field , 1995 .

[99]  C. Russell,et al.  ISEE observations of low‐latitude boundary layer for northward interplanetary magnetic field: Implications for cusp reconnection , 1996 .

[100]  C. Russell,et al.  Detection of localized, plasma‐depleted flux tubes or bubbles in the midtail plasma sheet , 1996 .

[101]  J. L. Green,et al.  Evidence of high‐latitude reconnecting during northward IMF: Hawkeye observations , 1996 .

[102]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Solar wind control of density and temperature in the near‐Earth plasma sheet: WIND/GEOTAIL collaboration , 1997 .

[103]  A. Miura.  Compressible magnetohydrodynamic Kelvin–Helmholtz instability with vortex pairing in the two-dimensional transverse configuration , 1997 .

[104]  Donald J. Williams.  Considerations of Source, Transport, Acceleration/Heating and Loss Processes Responsible for Geomagnetic Tail Particle Populations , 1997 .

[105]  James A. Slavin,et al.  Boundary layer formation in the magnetotail: Geotail observations and comparisons with a global MHD simulation , 1997 .

[106]  Chio Cheng,et al.  Kinetic Alfven waves and plasma transport at the magnetopause , 1997 .

[107]  Per-Arne Lindqvist,et al.  Density in the magnetosphere inferred from ISEE 1 spacecraft potential , 1997 .

[108]  R. Elphic,et al.  The Earth's plasma sheet as a laboratory for flow turbulence in high-β MHD , 1997, Journal of Plasma Physics.

[109]  L. Přech,et al.  Two point observation of high‐latitude reconnection , 1998 .

[110]  R. Elphic,et al.  The transport of plasma sheet material from the distant tail to geosynchronous orbit , 1998 .

[111]  S. Wing,et al.  Central plasma sheet ion properties as inferred from ionospheric observations , 1998 .

[112]  M. Ashour‐Abdalla,et al.  On the origin of the ion‐electron temperature difference in the plasma sheet , 1998 .

[113]  L. Přech,et al.  Transient flux enhancements in the magnetosheath , 1998 .

[114]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Plasma entry from the flanks of the near‐Earth magnetotail: Geotail observations , 1998 .

[115]  R. Elphic,et al.  The driving of the plasma sheet by the solar wind , 1998 .

[116]  David G. Sibeck,et al.  Comprehensive study of the magnetospheric response to a hot flow anomaly , 1999 .

[117]  Liu Chen.  Theory of plasma transport induced by low-frequency hydromagnetic waves , 1999 .

[118]  J. Moen,et al.  Capture of magnetosheath plasma by the magnetosphere during northward IMF , 1999 .

[119]  J. Borovsky,et al.  Plasma sheet access to geosynchronous orbit , 1999 .

[120]  J. C. Samson,et al.  Association between Geotail plasma flows and auroral poleward boundary intensifications observed by CANOPUS photometers , 1999 .

[121]  R. Wolf,et al.  Theory of thin‐filament motion in Earth's magnetotail and its application to bursty bulk flows , 1999 .

[122]  Chio Cheng,et al.  Signatures of mode conversion and kinetic Alfven waves at the magnetopause , 2000 .

[123]  J. Steinberg,et al.  Geotail observations of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the equatorial magnetotail boundary for parallel northward fields , 2000 .

[124]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Laboratory and Numerical Simulations of the Impulsive Penetration Mechanism , 2000 .

[125]  L. Přech,et al.  Two-point measurements of the magnetopause: Interball observations , 2000 .

[126]  K. Stasiewicz,et al.  Alfvén Waves and Structures: What can we Learn with Multipoint Measurements on Cluster-II , 2000 .

[127]  J. Richardson,et al.  A dawn‐dusk density asymmetry in Earth's magnetosheath , 2001 .

[128]  K. Nykyri,et al.  Plasma transport at the magnetospheric boundary due to reconnection in Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices , 2001 .

[129]  M. F. Thomsen,et al.  Plasma sheet access to the inner magnetosphere , 2001 .

[130]  R. White,et al.  On Resonant Heating Below the Cyclotron Frequency , 2001 .

[131]  D. Klumpar,et al.  Correction to “Auroral polar cap boundary ion conic outflow observed on FAST” by Y.‐K. Tung et al. , 2001 .

[132]  Chio Cheng,et al.  Stochastic Ion Heating at the Magnetopause due to Kinetic Alfven Waves , 2001 .

[133]  G. Wilson,et al.  The relationship between suprathermal heavy ion outflow and auroral electron energy deposition: Polar/Ultraviolet Imager and Fast Auroral Snapshot/Time‐of‐Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectrometer observations , 2001 .

[134]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Flow bursts and auroral activations: Onset timing and foot point location , 2001 .

[135]  R. Wolf,et al.  Modeling the quiet time inner plasma sheet protons , 2001 .

[136]  F. Mozer,et al.  Magnetic bubbles and kinetic Alfvén waves in the high-latitude magnetopause boundary , 2001 .

[137]  P. Canu,et al.  A case study of low-frequency waves at the magnetopause , 2001 .

[138]  C. Russell,et al.  Reconnection at the high‐latitude magnetopause during northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions , 2001 .

[139]  Johan C. Raeder,et al.  Global geospace modeling: Tutorial and review , 2001 .

[140]  J. Keyser,et al.  Transients at the dusk side magnetospheric boundary: Surface waves or isolated plasma blobs? , 2001 .

[141]  J. Slavin,et al.  Simultaneous observations of earthward flow bursts and plasmoid ejection during magnetospheric substorms , 2002 .

[142]  Wolfgang Baumjohann,et al.  Fast flow during current sheet thinning , 2002 .

[143]  M. Dunlop,et al.  Cluster observations of the exterior cusp and its surrounding boundaries under northward IMF , 2002 .

[144]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Multispacecraft study on the dynamics of the dusk‐flank magnetosphere under northward IMF: 10–11 January 1997 , 2002 .

[145]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Positive density gradients at the magnetopause: interpretation in the framework of the impulsive penetration mechanism , 2002 .

[146]  C. Russell,et al.  Characteristics of magnetosheath plasma in the vicinity of the high-altitude cusp , 2002 .

[147]  Z. Němeček,et al.  Spatial distribution of the magnetosheath ion flux , 2002 .

[148]  G. Parks,et al.  Global impact of ionospheric outflows on the dynamics of the magnetosphere and cross-polar cap potential , 2002 .

[149]  P. Seeluangsawat.  Magnetic holes in the solar wind , 2002 .

[150]  S. Fuselier,et al.  Tracing ions in the cusp and low‐latitude boundary layer using multispacecraft observations and a global MHD simulation , 2002 .

[151]  S. Wing,et al.  2D plasma sheet ion density and temperature profiles for northward and southward IMF , 2002 .

[152]  Joseph E. Borovsky,et al.  MHD turbulence in the Earth's plasma sheet: Dynamics, dissipation, and driving , 2003 .

[153]  M. Dunlop,et al.  Simultaneous Cluster and IMAGE observations of cusp reconnection and auroral proton spot for northward IMF , 2003 .

[154]  S. Fuselier,et al.  Continuous magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause , 2003, Nature.

[155]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Geotail observations of the dayside outer boundary region: Interplanetary magnetic field control and dawn‐dusk asymmetry , 2003 .

[156]  J. Borovsky,et al.  Delivery of cold, dense plasma sheet material into the near‐Earth region , 2003 .

[157]  P. Newell,et al.  Earth's low-latitude boundary layer , 2003 .

[158]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Vortex-Like Fluctuations in the Magnetotail Flanks and their Possible Roles in Plasma Transport , 2013 .

[159]  Jörg Büchner,et al.  Space Plasma Simulation , 2003 .

[160]  M. Hairston,et al.  Auroral streamers: characteristics of associated precipitation, convection and field-aligned currents , 2003 .

[161]  T. Garner,et al.  Pressure balance inconsistency exhibited in a statistical model of magnetospheric plasma , 2003 .

[162]  M. Echim.  Kinetic investigation of the impulsive penetration of 2D plasma elements into the Earth's magnetosphere , 2004 .

[163]  Frank R. Toffoletto,et al.  Magnetic storm ring current injection modeled with the Rice Convection Model and a self‐consistent magnetic field , 2004 .

[164]  H. Hasegawa,et al.  Dense and stagnant ions in the low‐latitude boundary region under northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2004 .

[165]  P. Louarn,et al.  New properties of energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer observed by Cluster , 2004 .

[166]  K. Nykyri,et al.  Influence of the Hall Term on KH Instability and Reconnection Inside KH Vortices , 2004 .

[167]  Masahiro Hoshino,et al.  Onset of turbulence induced by a Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortex , 2004 .

[168]  W. Paterson,et al.  Pressure, volume, density relationships in the plasma sheet , 2004 .

[169]  H. Hasegawa,et al.  Transport of solar wind into Earth's magnetosphere through rolled-up Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices , 2004, Nature.

[170]  F. Toffoletto,et al.  Modeling the transition of the inner plasma sheet from weak to enhanced convection , 2004 .

[171]  M. Acuna,et al.  Drift-kinetic Alfvén waves observed near a reconnection X line in the earth's magnetopause. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[172]  I. McCrea,et al.  Localized fast flow disturbance observed in the plasma sheet and in the ionosphere , 2005 .

[173]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Characteristics of the magnetosheath electron boundary layer under northward interplanetary magnetic field: Implications for high‐latitude reconnection , 2005 .

[174]  W. Paterson,et al.  Relationships between the ion flow speed, magnetic flux transport rate, and other plasma sheet parameters , 2005 .

[175]  J. Steinberg,et al.  The Calm before the Storm in CIR/Magnetosphere Interactions , 2006 .

[176]  S. Wing,et al.  Global cooling and densification of the plasma sheet during an extended period of purely northward IMF on October 22–24, 2003 , 2005 .

[177]  M. Dunlop,et al.  High‐altitude cusp flow dependence on IMF orientation: A 3‐year Cluster statistical study , 2005 .

[178]  E. Antonova.  The structure of the magnetospheric boundary layers and the magnetospheric turbulence , 2005 .

[179]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Magnetic reconnection within rolled‐up MHD‐scale Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices: Two‐fluid simulations including finite electron inertial effects , 2005 .

[180]  Robert L. McPherron,et al.  Plasma sheet turbulence observed by Cluster II , 2005 .

[181]  M. Liemohn,et al.  Bulk plasma properties at geosynchronous orbit. , 2005 .

[182]  M. Dunlop,et al.  Optimal reconstruction of magnetopause structures from Cluster data , 2005 .

[183]  J. Raeder,et al.  Plasma sheet formation during long period of northward IMF , 2005 .

[184]  S. Wing,et al.  Dawn‐dusk asymmetries, ion spectra, and sources in the northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet , 2005 .

[185]  J. Lemaire,et al.  Two-dimensional Vlasov solution for a collisionless plasma jet across transverse magnetic field lines with a sheared bulk velocity. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[186]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Formation of the cusp and dayside boundary layers as a function of imf orientation: Cluster results , 2006 .

[187]  M. Cattaneo,et al.  Ion kinetic features around a lobe reconnection site , 2006 .

[188]  T. Pulkkinen,et al.  Magnetosphere preconditioning under northward IMF: Evidence from the study of coronal mass ejection and corotating interaction region geoeffectiveness , 2006 .

[189]  A. Otto,et al.  Magnetic reconnection induced by weak Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability and the formation of the low‐latitude boundary layer , 2006 .

[190]  R. Lundin,et al.  Ion composition and pressure changes in storm time and nonstorm substorms in the vicinity of the near-Earth neutral line , 2006 .

[191]  A. Otto.  Mass Transport at the Magnetospheric Flanks Associated with Three-Dimensional Kelvin- Helmholtz Modes , 2006 .

[192]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Evidence for newly closed magnetosheath field lines at the dayside magnetopause under northward IMF , 2006 .

[193]  T. Mukai,et al.  Effects of the fast plasma sheet flow on the geosynchronous magnetic configuration : Geotail and GOES coordinated study , 2006 .

[194]  M. Hoshino,et al.  Turbulent mixing and transport of collisionless plasmas across a stratified velocity shear layer , 2006 .

[195]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Timescale for the formation of the cold‐dense plasma sheet: A case study , 2006 .

[196]  Suzanne M. Imber,et al.  The auroral and ionospheric flow signatures of dual lobe reconnection , 2006 .

[197]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Single-spacecraft detection of rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at the flank magnetopause , 2006 .

[198]  W. Paterson,et al.  Magnetic flux and particle transport in the plasma sheet , 2006 .

[199]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Observation of two distinct cold, dense ion populations at geosynchronous orbit: local time asymmetry, solar wind dependence and origin , 2006 .

[200]  J. Birn,et al.  On the role of entropy conservation and entropy loss governing substorm phases , 2006 .

[201]  J. Weygand,et al.  Equatorial distributions of the plasma sheet ions, their electric and magnetic drifts, and magnetic fields under different interplanetary magnetic field Bz conditions , 2006 .

[202]  J. Birn,et al.  Entropy conservation in simulations of magnetic reconnection , 2006 .

[203]  A. Balogh,et al.  Cluster observations of reconnection due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the dawnside magnetospheric flank , 2006 .

[204]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Mode conversion and anomalous transport in Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices and kinetic Alfvén waves at the Earth's magnetopause. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[205]  S. Sazykin,et al.  Entropy and plasma sheet transport , 2007 .

[206]  J. Quinn,et al.  High-latitude plasma convection from Cluster EDI: variances and solar wind correlations , 2007 .

[207]  V. Jordanova,et al.  Modeling the effects of cold‐dense and hot‐tenuous plasma sheet on proton ring current energy and peak location , 2007 .

[208]  J. Johnson,et al.  Three-Dimensional Hybrid Simulation of Mode Conversion at the Magnetopause , 2007 .

[209]  R. Hoffman,et al.  Substorm plasma sheet ion pressure profiles , 2007 .

[210]  Frederick J. Rich,et al.  A nearly universal solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function inferred from 10 magnetospheric state variables , 2007 .

[211]  Q. Zong,et al.  Energy filter effect for solar wind particle entry to the plasma sheet via flank regions during southward interplanetary magnetic field , 2007 .

[212]  T. Mukai,et al.  Solar wind control of plasma number density in the near-Earth plasma sheet: three-dimensional structure , 2007 .

[213]  J. Weygand,et al.  Sources, transport, and distributions of plasma sheet ions and electrons and dependences on interplanetary parameters under northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2007 .

[214]  Yoshitaka Saito,et al.  Geotail observations of temperature anisotropy of the two-component protons in the dusk plasma sheet , 2007 .

[215]  M. Dunlop,et al.  The plasma sheet and boundary layers under northward IMF: A multi-point and multi-instrument perspective , 2008 .

[216]  M. Dunlop,et al.  Effect of a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field on cusp precipitation as observed by Cluster , 2008 .

[217]  W. Paterson,et al.  Ion heat flux and energy transport near the magnetotail neutral sheet , 2008 .

[218]  W. Bristow.  Statistics of velocity fluctuations observed by SuperDARN under steady interplanetary magnetic field conditions: STATISTICS OF VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS , 2008 .

[219]  Peter A. Delamere,et al.  Hybrid code simulations of the solar wind interaction with Pluto , 2008 .

[220]  B. Lavraud,et al.  Observation of three distinct ion populations at the Kelvin-Helmholtz-unstable magnetopause , 2008 .

[221]  J. Lyon,et al.  Geotail and LFM comparisons of plasma sheet climatology: 1. Average values , 2008 .

[222]  H. Auster,et al.  Turbulent heating and cross‐field transport near the magnetopause from THEMIS , 2008 .

[223]  M. Thomsen,et al.  Solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere under northward IMF conditions , 2008 .

[224]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Magnetic effects on the coalescence of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices. , 2008, Physical review letters.

[225]  永田 大祐.  Solar wind control of plasma number density in the near-earth plasma sheet , 2008 .

[226]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Simultaneous THEMIS observations in the near-tail portion of the inner and outer plasma sheet flux tubes at substorm onset , 2008 .

[227]  M. Wiltberger,et al.  Solar wind driving of magnetospheric ULF waves: Pulsations driven by velocity shear at the magnetopause , 2008, 1010.3998.

[228]  F. Toffoletto,et al.  Injection of a bubble into the inner magnetosphere , 2008 .

[229]  J. Birn,et al.  The role of entropy in magnetotail dynamics , 2009 .

[230]  R. Treumann,et al.  High energy jets in the Earth’s magnetosheath: Implications for plasma dynamics and anomalous transport , 2008 .

[231]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  THEMIS multi‐spacecraft observations of magnetosheath plasma penetration deep into the dayside low‐latitude magnetosphere for northward and strong By IMF , 2008 .

[232]  M. El‐Alaoui,et al.  The storm-time access of solar wind ions to the nightside ring current and plasma sheet , 2008 .

[233]  J. Scudder,et al.  Geomagnetic activity dependence of O+ in transit from the ionosphere , 2009 .

[234]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Tracing solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere using ion‐to‐electron temperature ratio , 2009 .

[235]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  THEMIS observations of an earthward‐propagating dipolarization front , 2009 .

[236]  S. Wing,et al.  Substorm entropies: SUBSTORM ENTROPIES , 2009 .

[237]  Andris Vaivads,et al.  Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the Earth's magnetopause: Multiscale development and associated reconnection , 2009 .

[238]  M. Acuna,et al.  Kinetic Alfvén Wave Turbulence and Transport through a Reconnection Diffusion Region. , 2008, Physical Review Letters.

[239]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Plasma sheet thickness during a bursty bulk flow reversal , 2009 .

[240]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Magnetic island formation between large‐scale flow vortices at an undulating postnoon magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2009 .

[241]  J. Raeder,et al.  Cold dense magnetopause boundary layer under northward IMF: Results from THEMIS and MHD simulations , 2009 .

[242]  W. Paterson,et al.  Boltzmann H function and entropy in the plasma sheet , 2009 .

[243]  S. Wing,et al.  Northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet entropies , 2009 .

[244]  Uppsala,et al.  Supermagnetosonic jets behind a collisionless quasiparallel shock. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[245]  R. Wolf,et al.  Plasma sheet P $\sf{V}$ 5/3 and n $\sf{V}$ and associated plasma and energy transport for different convection strengths and AE levels , 2009 .

[246]  R. Walker,et al.  Observations and simulations of a highly structured plasma sheet during northward IMF , 2010 .

[247]  E. Quataert,et al.  PERPENDICULAR ION HEATING BY LOW-FREQUENCY ALFVÉN-WAVE TURBULENCE IN THE SOLAR WIND , 2010, 1001.2069.

[248]  B. Klecker,et al.  H+ and O+ content of the plasma sheet at 15–19 Re as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity , 2010 .

[249]  Chunmiao Wang,et al.  Global MHD simulation of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2010 .

[250]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Multiple overshoot and rebound of a bursty bulk flow , 2010 .

[251]  S. Wing,et al.  Introduction to special section on Entropy Properties and Constraints Related to Space Plasma Transport , 2010 .

[252]  B. Klecker,et al.  Cusp as a source for oxygen in the plasma sheet during geomagnetic storms , 2010 .

[253]  Kanako Seki,et al.  Formation of a broad plasma turbulent layer by forward and inverse energy cascades of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability , 2010 .

[254]  J. Lyon,et al.  Influence of cusp O+ outflow on magnetotail dynamics in a multifluid MHD model of the magnetosphere , 2010 .

[255]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Evolution of an MHD‐scale Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortex accompanied by magnetic reconnection: Two‐dimensional particle simulations , 2010 .

[256]  Eckart Marsch,et al.  Is the 3-D magnetic null point with a convective electric field an efficient particle accelerator? , 2010 .

[257]  M. Cowee,et al.  Hybrid simulations of plasma transport by Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause: Density variations and magnetic shear , 2010 .

[258]  W. Hughes,et al.  Effects of nightside O+ outflow on magnetospheric dynamics: Results of multifluid MHD modeling , 2010 .

[259]  J. Weygand,et al.  Evolution of plasma sheet particle content under different interplanetary magnetic field conditions , 2010 .

[260]  J. Lyon,et al.  Effects of causally driven cusp O⁺ outflow on the storm time magnetosphere-ionosphere system using a multifluid global simulation , 2010 .

[261]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Can flow bursts penetrate into the inner magnetosphere? , 2011 .

[262]  H. Karimabadi,et al.  Flushing effect in reconnection: Effects of minority species of oxygen ions , 2011 .

[263]  C. Russell,et al.  Dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail plasma sheet , 2011 .

[264]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Characteristics of plasma flows at the inner edge of the plasma sheet , 2011 .

[265]  Liu Chen,et al.  Gyrokinetic theory of parametric decays of kinetic Alfvén waves , 2011 .

[266]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Multispacecraft observations of a foreshock-induced magnetopause disturbance exhibiting distinct plasma flows and an intense density compression , 2011 .

[267]  M. Hairston,et al.  Reversed two-cell convection in the Northern and Southern hemispheres during northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2011 .

[268]  R. Nakamura,et al.  Bursty bulk flows and dipolarization in MHD simulations of magnetotail reconnection , 2011 .

[269]  E. Amata,et al.  High kinetic energy density jets in the Earth’s magnetosheath: A case study , 2011 .

[270]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  A THEMIS multicase study of dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail plasma sheet , 2011 .

[271]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Spatial distributions of ions and electrons from the plasma sheet to the inner magnetosphere: Comparisons between THEMIS-Geotail statistical results and the Rice convection model , 2011 .

[272]  K. Glassmeier,et al.  Electromagnetic waves on ion gyro‐radii scales across the magnetopause , 2011 .

[273]  R. Wilson,et al.  Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at Saturn's magnetopause: Hybrid simulations , 2011 .

[274]  M. El‐Alaoui,et al.  The ion population of the magnetotail during the 17 April 2002 magnetic storm: Large-scale kinetic simulations and IMAGE/HENA observations , 2011 .

[275]  M. Kuznetsova,et al.  Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves under southward interplanetary magnetic field , 2011 .

[276]  J. Valdivia,et al.  Spatial distribution of the eddy diffusion coefficients in the plasma sheet during quiet time and substorms from THEMIS satellite data , 2011 .

[277]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  RCM‐E simulation of the 13 March 2009 steady magnetospheric convection event , 2012 .

[278]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Energetic particle injections to geostationary orbit: Relationship to flow bursts and magnetospheric state , 2012 .

[279]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Magnetospheric location of the equatorward prebreakup arc , 2012 .

[280]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  On the formation of tilted flux ropes in the Earth's magnetotail observed with ARTEMIS , 2012 .

[281]  T. Karlsson,et al.  Localized density enhancements in the magnetosheath: Three‐dimensional morphology and possible importance for impulsive penetration , 2012 .

[282]  O. D. Constantinescu,et al.  Spatial distribution of rolled up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at Earth's dayside and flank magnetopause , 2012 .

[283]  Peter A. Delamere,et al.  Magnetic signatures of Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices on Saturn's magnetopause: Global survey , 2012 .

[284]  S. Wing,et al.  Effect of an MLT dependent electron loss rate on the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling , 2012 .

[285]  S. Wing,et al.  Entropy conservation and rate of propagation of bubbles in the Earth's magnetotail: A case study , 2012 .

[286]  J. Johnson,et al.  Three-dimensional mode conversion associated with kinetic Alfvén waves. , 2012, Physical review letters.

[287]  M. M. Kuznetsova,et al.  The first in situ observation of Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves at high‐latitude magnetopause during strongly dawnward interplanetary magnetic field conditions , 2012 .

[288]  R. Redmon,et al.  Dawnward shift of the dayside O+ outflow distribution: The importance of field line history in O+ escape from the ionosphere , 2012 .

[289]  H. Koskinen,et al.  Supermagnetosonic subsolar magnetosheath jets and their effects: from the solar wind to the ionospheric convection , 2012 .

[290]  S. Wing,et al.  Auroral particle precipitation characterized by the substorm cycle , 2012 .

[291]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Spatial distributions of the ion to electron temperature ratio in the magnetosheath and plasma sheet , 2012 .

[292]  Matteo Faganello,et al.  Magnetic reconnection and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the Earth's magnetopause , 2012 .

[293]  S. Ohtani,et al.  On near‐tail bubble penetration into geosynchronous altitude , 2012 .

[294]  F. Toffoletto,et al.  Thin filament simulations for Earth's plasma sheet: Interchange oscillations , 2012 .

[295]  Yansen Wang,et al.  Dawn‐dusk asymmetries in the Earth's magnetosheath , 2012 .

[296]  J. Lyon,et al.  Magnetotail origins of auroral Alfvénic power , 2012 .

[297]  M. Fujimoto,et al.  Plasma transport induced by kinetic Alfvén wave turbulence , 2012 .

[298]  C. Escoubet,et al.  Overlapping ion structures in the mid-altitude cusp under northward IMF: signature of dual lobe reconnection? , 2012 .

[299]  R. Lundin,et al.  Plasma penetration of the dayside magnetopause , 2012 .

[300]  K. Nykyri.  Impact of MHD shock physics on magnetosheath asymmetry and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability , 2013 .

[301]  Chi Wang,et al.  Global features of Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves at the magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2013 .

[302]  J. Lyon,et al.  Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability of the magnetospheric boundary in a three‐dimensional global MHD simulation during northward IMF conditions , 2013 .

[303]  S. Petrinec.  On the Magnetic Field Configuration of the Magnetosheath , 2013 .

[304]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Anti-sunward high-speed jets in the subsolar magnetosheath , 2013 .

[305]  L. Kistler,et al.  Energization of O+ ions in the Earth's inner magnetosphere and the effects on ring current buildup: A review of previous observations and possible mechanisms , 2013 .

[306]  V. Angelopoulos,et al.  Ionospheric response to oscillatory flow braking in the magnetotail , 2013 .

[307]  A. Otto,et al.  Kelvin Helmholtz Instability at the Equatorial Magnetotail Boundary: Mhd Simulation and Comparison with Geotail Observations , 2013 .

[308]  H. Karimabadi,et al.  Three‐dimensional dynamics of vortex‐induced reconnection and comparison with THEMIS observations , 2013 .

[309]  R. Nakamura,et al.  Alternative interpretation of results from Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortex identification criteria , 2013 .

[310]  Yu Lin,et al.  Global hybrid simulation of mode conversion at the dayside magnetopause , 2013 .

[311]  T. Horbury,et al.  Magnetosheath dynamic pressure enhancements: occurrence and typical properties , 2013 .

[312]  Penny J Johnes,et al.  AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts , 2013 .

[313]  K. Nykyri,et al.  The statistical mapping of magnetosheath plasma properties based on THEMIS measurements in the magnetosheath interplanetary medium reference frame , 2013 .

[314]  R. Treumann,et al.  Diffusion Processes: An Observational Perspective , 2013 .

[315]  Robert Rankin,et al.  Dawn–dusk asymmetry in the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability at Mercury , 2013, Nature Communications.

[316]  G. Ueno,et al.  Ion heating by broadband electromagnetic waves in the magnetosheath and across the magnetopause , 2013 .

[317]  L. Kistler,et al.  Spatial variation in the plasma sheet composition: Dependence on geomagnetic and solar activity , 2014 .

[318]  E. Amata,et al.  On nonlinear cascades and resonances in the outer magnetosphere , 2014 .

[319]  S. Wing,et al.  Kelvin Helmholtz Instability in Planetary Magnetospheres , 2014 .

[320]  P. Delamere,et al.  Interaction of magnetic reconnection and Kelvin‐Helmholtz modes for large magnetic shear: 2. Reconnection trigger , 2014 .

[321]  P. Delamere,et al.  Interaction of magnetic reconnection and Kelvin‐Helmholtz modes for large magnetic shear: 1. Kelvin‐Helmholtz trigger , 2014 .

[322]  ’. Otto.  Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at the Magnetotail Boundary: MHD Simulation and Comparison with Geotail Observations , 2022 .