Ground penetrating radar as a subsurface environmental sensing tool

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is considered as an environmental tool. The basic concepts involved in GPR are introduced briefly including the antennas, propagation, target scattering, and mapping. Target identification is important when using GPR since the scatterer can only be observed by evacuation. This is discussed in terms of mapping and complex natural resonances. GPR has been used and is being considered as a tool for the detection of a wide variety of subterranean features. A very brief description of the various applications of GPR is presented. In terms of environmental sensing, it has been applied to detect buried tanks, landfill debris, water levels, and contaminated fluids. The detection of various military devices also represent a serious environmental concern including landmines and unexploded ordnance. There are also possible applications involving the detection of buried utilities highway voids, grave sites. It has been used for examining archeological sites. The above list is far from complete because of the ever-expanding use of GPR. >

[1]  James R. Wait,et al.  Mutual Electromagnetic Coupling of Loops Over a Homogeneous Ground , 1955 .

[2]  R. Gabillard,et al.  Subsurface Electromagnetic Telecommunication - A Review , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology.

[3]  Allan J. Delaney,et al.  Dielectric properties of soils at UHF and microwave frequencies 36R. J. Geophys. Res. V79, N11, Apr. 1974, P1699–1708 , 1974 .

[4]  Allan J. Delaney,et al.  Dielectric properties of soils at UHF and microwave frequencies , 1974 .

[5]  R. D. Watts,et al.  THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE OF A LOW‐LOSS, 2‐LAYER, DIELECTRIC EARTH FOR HORIZONTAL ELECTRIC DIPOLE EXCITATION , 1975 .

[6]  J L Davis.  Relative permittivity measurements of a sand and clay soil, in situ , 1975 .

[7]  D. Moffatt,et al.  A subsurface electromagnetic pulse radar , 1976 .

[8]  L Peters,et al.  The Propagation of Electromagnetic Video Pulses with Application to Subsurface Radar for Tunnel Detection. , 1976 .

[9]  Measuring Soil Water Content in Situ using Time-domain Reflectometry Techniques , 1977 .

[10]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Radar Range Analysis For Geological Materials , 1977 .

[11]  L. Peters,et al.  Underground radar research at Ohio state university , 1979, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter.

[12]  L. Peters,et al.  A characterization of subsurface radar targets , 1978, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[13]  G.A. Burrell,et al.  Pulse propagation in lossy media using the low-frequency window for video pulse radar application , 1979, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[14]  R. Lytle,et al.  Computerized geophysical tomography , 1979, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[15]  L. Peters,et al.  Improved performance of a subsurface radar target identification system through antenna design , 1981 .

[16]  E. Kennaugh,et al.  The K-pulse concept , 1981 .

[17]  J. Richmond,et al.  Scattering from cylindrical inhomogeneities in a lossy medium , 1982 .

[18]  Peter F. Ulriksen,et al.  Application of impulse radar to civil engineering , 1982 .

[19]  John L. Volakis,et al.  Improved identification of underground targets using video pulse radars by elimination of undesired natural resonances , 1983 .

[20]  Jamal S. Izadian,et al.  Computation of Scattering from Penetrable Cylinders with Improved Numerical Efficiency , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[21]  R. Houck.  Measuring the Electrical Properties of Coal Using Ground-Penetrating Radar , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[22]  C. Vaughan.  Ground-penetrating radar surveys used in archaeological investigations , 1986 .

[23]  Electromagnetic Subsurace Radar Using the Transient Field Radiated by a Wire Antenna , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[24]  Yoshihiro Michiguchi,et al.  Development of Signal Processing Methods for Imaging Buned Pipes , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[25]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Radar sounding in potash mines, Saskatchewan, Canada , 1988 .

[26]  Yoshihiro Michiguchi,et al.  Advanced subsurface radar system for imaging buried pipes , 1988 .

[27]  Koichiro Deguchi,et al.  Analysis of Under-Ground Radar Image Using Generalized Hough Transformation Technique , 1989 .

[28]  Jeffrey J. DanieIs.  Fundamentals Of Ground Penetrating Radar , 1989 .

[29]  C. Britt.  Solution of electromagnetic scattering problems using time domain techniques , 1989 .

[30]  Waymond R. Scott,et al.  A scale model for studying ground penetrating radars , 1989 .

[31]  A. P. Freundorfer,et al.  A method of surface clutter cancellation for an underground CW radar , 1989 .

[32]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy , 1989 .

[33]  P. Smart,et al.  Applications of remote sensing to groundwater hydrology , 1990 .

[34]  B. Warner,et al.  An application of ground penetrating radar to peat stratigraphy of Ellice Swamp, southwestern Ontario , 1990 .

[35]  J. Deen,et al.  MEASURED UNDERWATER NEAR‐FIELD E‐PATTERNS OF A PULSED, HORIZONTAL DIPOLE ANTENNA IN AIR: COMPARISON WITH THE THEORY OF THE CONTINUOUS WAVE, INFINITESIMAL ELECTRIC DIPOLE1 , 1990 .

[36]  Anthony F. Siggins.  Ground penetrating radar in geotechnical applications , 1990 .

[37]  Low-frequency response of a buried object in a lossy ground , 1990 .

[38]  Input admittance of a horizontal antenna over a two‐layered lossy half‐space , 1990 .

[39]  Harry M. Jol,et al.  Ground penetrating radar of northern lacustrine deltas , 1991 .

[40]  J. Deen,et al.  MEASURED REFLECTION STRENGTHS OF UNDERWATER PIPES IRRADIATED BY A PULSED HORIZONTAL DIPOLE IN AIR: COMPARISON WITH CONTINUOUS PLANE‐WAVE SCATTERING THEORY1 , 1991 .

[41]  Ikuo Arai,et al.  Advance on Underground Radars , 1991 .

[42]  B. Bevan.  The search for graves , 1991 .

[43]  Waymond R. Scott,et al.  Measured electrical constitutive parameters of soil as functions of frequency and moisture content , 1992, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[44]  Irene C. Peden,et al.  A scale-model study of down-hole VHF dipole arrays with application to subsurface exploration , 1992, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[45]  F-N. Kong,et al.  A radar investigation of pyramids , 1992 .

[46]  J.P. Hansen,et al.  Radar detection of gas seepage associated with oil and gas deposits , 1992, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[47]  Site Studies Of Ground Penetrating Radar For Monitoring Petroleum Product Contaminants , 1992 .

[48]  Walter D. Burnside,et al.  A novel antenna for ultra-wide-band applications , 1992 .

[49]  H. Jol,et al.  Ground-penetrating radar investigation of a Lake Bonneville deita, Provo level, Brigham City, Utah , 1992 .

[50]  GPR measurements for locating underground mine workings at an active open-pit mine , 1992 .

[51]  Impulse Radar Studies of Interface Roughness , 1992 .

[52]  George A. McMechan,et al.  Acquisition and processing of wide-aperture ground-penetrating radar data , 1992 .

[53]  J. L. Davis,et al.  GPR systems for roads and bridges , 1992 .

[54]  James R. Wait,et al.  Preforming an electromagnetic pulse in lossy medium , 1992 .

[55]  Assessment of bauxite reserves using ground penetrating radar , 1992 .

[56]  George A. McMechan,et al.  EXAMPLES OF REVERSE-TIME MIGRATION OF SINGLE-CHANNEL, GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR PROFILES , 1992 .

[57]  A challenge: GPR in advance of horizontal drilling , 1992 .

[58]  Ground penetrating radar finds disturbed earth over burials , 1992 .

[59]  J. Mellett.  Location of human remains with ground-penetrating radar , 1992 .

[60]  I. Arai,et al.  Experimental Results on Subsurface Radar with Improved Resolution , 1993 .

[61]  Yasumitsu Miyazaki,et al.  Underground Cavity Detection Using Statistical Variance of Subsurface Radar Signal , 1993 .

[62]  Subsurface radar of the layered-inhomogeneous soil of a planet , 1993 .

[63]  John B. Schneider,et al.  Detection of tunnels in low loss media illuminated by a transient pulse , 1993, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[64]  Toru Uno,et al.  FDTD Analysis of Two-Dimensional Cavity-Backed Antenna for Subsurface Radar (Special Issue on the 1992 Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory) , 1993 .

[65]  Erik M. Johansson,et al.  Advanced ground-penetrating radar , 1994, Optics & Photonics.