Current Technology and Future Works

The capacitive measurements of deposable sensing electrodes are conventionally performed using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) [331, 332]. As shown in Fig. 6.1a, such a measurement device is connected to an array of electrodes which are exposed to analyte. Recently handheld EIS systems have received much attention as opposed to conventional EIS systems. A handheld system featuring an array of sensing sites (Fig. 6.1b) can be used for several point-of-care applications such as blood analysis (e.g. minilab, Abaxis Inc. [333]) or environmental monitoring such as bacteria detection [334]. However, researchers involved in circuit and system design and relevant biotechnological studies are willing to embed such portable systems in a single chip in the near future. In this direction, a CMOS based capacitive sensing LoC can be implemented in a syringe style package as shown in Fig. 6.1c. The biological or chemical analyte is directed by syringe towards the sensing sites through the nozzle. After each measurement, the nozzle and sensing site will be cleaned using the appropriate solutions which are directed into the channel and sensing sites in the same manner.

[1]  Xiurong Yang,et al.  Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for monitoring allergen-antibody reactions using gold nanoparticle-based biomolecular immobilization method. , 2006, Analytical biochemistry.

[2]  E. Ghafar-Zadeh,et al.  A Microfluidic Packaging Technique for Lab-on-Chip Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging.

[3]  Khalil Arshak,et al.  Design of a real time biorecognition system to detect foodborne pathogens-DNA biosensor , 2009, 2009 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium.

[4]  Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh,et al.  Micro-Organism-on-Chip: Emerging Direct-Write CMOS-Based Platform for Biological Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[5]  F. C. Cleary,et al.  Real-time detection of microbial contamination , 2004, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[6]  G. Marrazza,et al.  Carbon and gold electrodes as electrochemical transducers for DNA hybridisation sensors. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[7]  Viera Stopjaková,et al.  Portable Measurement Equipment for Continuous Biomedical Monitoring using Microelectrodes , 2008, 2008 11th IEEE Workshop on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits and Systems.

[8]  Joseph Cesarano,et al.  Robotic deposition of model hydroxyapatite scaffolds with multiple architectures and multiscale porosity for bone tissue engineering. , 2007, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[9]  Shu Yang,et al.  Self-Actuated, Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Valves for Lab on a Chip , 2005, Biomedical microdevices.

[10]  K. Kummerer,et al.  A sensitive microsystem as biosensor for cell growth monitoring and antibiotic testing , 2005, The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05..

[11]  Liju Yang,et al.  Electrical impedance spectroscopy for detection of bacterial cells in suspensions using interdigitated microelectrodes. , 2008, Talanta.

[12]  Francis A. Gayon,et al.  Electrode and Electrolyte Impedance in the Detection of Bacterial Growth , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[13]  L. Majer,et al.  Sensitive and Accurate Measurement Environment for Continuous Biomedical Monitoring using Microelectrodes , 2007 .