Consciousness and its correlates in awake condition, in different sleep stages and in epilepsy

Old ideas about attention and consciousness seemed to be irrelevant today. We re-evaluated them here in the light of recent neuroimaging data, data from pathological conditions where attentional mechanisms are impaired and the knowledge that activity following a stimulus spreads rapidly very widely. We present the case that the multiple systems both cortical and subcortical involved in attentional processes can best be studied using tomographic, millisecond by millisecond single trial analysis of magnetoencephalographic data.

[1]  Andreas A. Ioannides,et al.  In vivo validation of distributed source solutions for the biomagnetic inverse problem , 2005, Brain Topography.

[2]  T. Mulholland,et al.  An Unexpected Artefact in the Human Electroencephalogram Concerning the Alpha Rhythm and the Orientation of the Eyes , 1965, Nature.

[3]  M. Pinsk,et al.  Attention modulates responses in the human lateral geniculate nucleus , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[4]  Evocation and inhibition of seizures. Behavioral treatment. , 1991, Advances in neurology.

[5]  R. Livingston,et al.  Projections from cortex to cephalic brain stem (reticular formation) in monkey. , 1955, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  P. Gloor,et al.  Consciousness as a Neurological Concept in Epileptology: A Critical Review , 1986, Epilepsia.

[7]  M. Petrides The role of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory , 2000, Experimental Brain Research.

[8]  W. Singer,et al.  Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing , 2001, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[9]  John G. Taylor,et al.  Mathematical analysis of lead field expansions , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[10]  V. Brown,et al.  The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus: More Than a Sensory Nucleus? , 2002, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[11]  Vahe Poghosyan,et al.  Timing and connectivity in the human somatosensory cortex from single trial mass electrical activity , 2002, Human brain mapping.

[12]  V. M. Montero Amblyopia decreases activation of the corticogeniculate pathway and visual thalamic reticularis in attentive rats: a `focal attention' hypothesis , 1999, Neuroscience.

[13]  Andreas A. Ioannides,et al.  Testing models of attention with MEG , 2003, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2003..

[14]  G. Moruzzi,et al.  Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. , 1949, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[15]  P. Fenwick,et al.  The effects of eye position on the alpha rhythm. , 1968, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[16]  M. Curtis,et al.  The role of the thalamus in vigilance and epileptogenic mechanisms , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[17]  K. D. Singh,et al.  Magnetic field tomography of coherent thalamocortical 40-Hz oscillations in humans. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  A. Ioannides Real Time Human Brain Function: Observations and Inferences from Single Trial Analysis of Magnetoencephalographic Signals , 2001, Clinical EEG.

[19]  Robert Stickgold,et al.  EMDR: a putative neurobiological mechanism of action. , 2002, Journal of clinical psychology.

[20]  P. Fenwick,et al.  Early striate activity related to attention in a choice reaction task , 2003, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2003..

[21]  Andreas A. Ioannides,et al.  A correlation study of averaged and single trial MEG signals: The average describes multiple histories each in a different set of single trials , 2005, Brain Topography.

[22]  A. Ioannides,et al.  Coupling of regional activations in a human brain during an object and face affect recognition task , 2000, Human brain mapping.

[23]  E. Niedermeyer,et al.  Electrophysiology of the Frontal Lobe , 2003, Clinical EEG.

[24]  S. Luck,et al.  Neural sources of focused attention in visual search. , 2000, Cerebral cortex.

[25]  C P Panayiotopoulos,et al.  Typical absence seizures and their treatment , 1999, Archives of disease in childhood.

[26]  P. Andersen,et al.  Stimulation of the Amvgdaloid Nuclear Comxllex in Unanesthetized Cats , 1954, Neurology.

[27]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI. , 1998, Science.

[28]  R. Guillery,et al.  Paying attention to the thalamic reticular nucleus , 1998, Trends in Neurosciences.

[29]  John G. Taylor,et al.  Attention as a neural control system , 2001, IJCNN'01. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37222).

[30]  V. Crunelli,et al.  Childhood absence epilepsy: Genes, channels, neurons and networks , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[31]  L Parrino,et al.  Spike-wave discharge and the microstructure of sleep-wake continuum in idiopathic generalised epilepsy** * This work was performed with the support of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Széchenyi professorship. , 2002, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology.

[32]  J E Skinner,et al.  Regulation of slow potential shifts in nucleus reticularis thalami by the mesencephalic reticular formation and the frontal granular cortex. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[33]  Andreas A. Ioannides Magnetic Field Tomography: theory, applications and examples from the visual system , 2002 .

[34]  Michael I. Posner,et al.  Brain Imaging of Attentional Networks in Normal and Pathological States , 2001, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[35]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. , 2000, Annual review of neuroscience.

[36]  C. Degueldre,et al.  Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming , 1996, Nature.

[37]  R. HernándezPeón CENTRAL NEURO-HUMORAL TRANSMISSION IN SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS. , 1965, Progress in brain research.

[38]  A. A. Ioannides,et al.  Estimates of Brain Activity Using Magnetic Field Tomography and Large Scale Communication within the Brain , 1994 .

[39]  R. Llinás,et al.  Consciousness and the Brain , 2001 .

[40]  O. Blanke,et al.  Distinct Behavioral and EEG Topographic Correlates of Loss of Consciousness in Absences , 2000, Epilepsia.

[41]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[42]  S Makeig,et al.  Human auditory evoked gamma-band magnetic fields. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  M. Petrides Dissociable Roles of Mid-Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex in Visual Working Memory , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[44]  J. Hobson,et al.  The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning , 2002, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[45]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study 1 Presented in abstract form at the Society for Neuroscience Meeting, 1996. 1 , 1997, Brain Research.

[46]  R. Llinás,et al.  Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[47]  R. Fisher,et al.  Epileptic seizure disorders , 1985, Journal of Neurology.

[48]  Andreas A. Ioannides,et al.  Consistent and precise localization of brain activity in human primary visual cortex by MEG and fMRI , 2003, NeuroImage.

[49]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Neurobiological measures of human selective attention , 2001, Neuropsychologia.

[50]  A. Ioannides,et al.  Continuous probabilistic solutions to the biomagnetic inverse problem , 1990 .

[51]  C. Koch,et al.  A framework for consciousness , 2003, Nature Neuroscience.

[52]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[53]  G. Kostopoulos,et al.  Spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures as a transformation of sleep spindles: the continuing development of a hypothesis , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[54]  G. Kostopoulos,et al.  Involvement of the Thalamocortical System in Epileptic Loss of Consciousness , 2001, Epilepsia.

[55]  J. Smythies The Functional Neuroanatomy of Awareness: With a Focus on the Role of Various Anatomical Systems in the Control of Intermodal Attention , 1997, Consciousness and Cognition.

[56]  L. Lagae,et al.  Frontal absences in children. , 2001, European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society.

[57]  R. Hernández-Peón Neurophysiology, phylogeny, and functional significance of dreaming. , 1967, Experimental neurology.

[58]  M. Steriade Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation , 2000, Neuroscience.

[59]  Michael Davis,et al.  The amygdala: vigilance and emotion , 2001, Molecular Psychiatry.