Scaling big data mining infrastructure: the twitter experience

The analytics platform at Twitter has experienced tremendous growth over the past few years in terms of size, complexity, number of users, and variety of use cases. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of our infrastructure and the development of capabilities for data mining on "big data". One important lesson is that successful big data mining in practice is about much more than what most academics would consider data mining: life "in the trenches" is occupied by much preparatory work that precedes the application of data mining algorithms and followed by substantial effort to turn preliminary models into robust solutions. In this context, we discuss two topics: First, schemas play an important role in helping data scientists understand petabyte-scale data stores, but they're insufficient to provide an overall "big picture" of the data available to generate insights. Second, we observe that a major challenge in building data analytics platforms stems from the heterogeneity of the various components that must be integrated together into production workflows---we refer to this as "plumbing". This paper has two goals: For practitioners, we hope to share our experiences to flatten bumps in the road for those who come after us. For academic researchers, we hope to provide a broader context for data mining in production environments, pointing out opportunities for future work.