Analytical Solution for Long Battery Lifetime Prediction in Nonadaptive Systems

Uppaal SMC is a state-of-the-art tool for modelling and statistical analysis of hybrid systems, allowing the user to directly model the expected battery consumption in battery-operated devices. The tool employs a numerical approach for solving differential equations describing the continuous evolution of a hybrid system, however, the addition of a battery model significantly slows down the simulation and decreases the precision of the analysis. Moreover, Uppaal SMC is not optimized for obtaining simulations with durations of realistic battery lifetimes. We propose an analytical approach to address the performance and precision issues of battery modelling, and a trace extrapolation technique for extending the prediction horizon of Uppaal SMC. Our approach shows a performance gain of up to 80% on two industrial wireless sensor protocol models, while improving the precision with up to 55%. As a proof of concept, we develop a tool prototype where we apply our extrapolation technique for predicting battery lifetimes and show that the expected battery lifetime for several months of device operation can be computed within a reasonable computation time.