Neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus carboplatin for locally advanced bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE Although cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by cystectomy was demonstrated to improve the survival among patients with locally advanced bladder cancer, its severe adverse events, including nephrotoxicity, are critical issues. We investigated the safety and activity of carboplatin, a mild nephrotoxic agent, combined with gemcitabine as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 68 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer who received neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (n = 34) or gemcitabine and carboplatin (n = 34) followed by cystectomy at our institute. The adverse events, chemotherapy delivery profile, rate of down-stage and recurrence-free survival were assessed for methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and carboplatin. RESULTS The mean cycles of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin, and gemcitabine and carboplatin, were 2.5 and 2.7, respectively. The hematologic adverse events of Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia for methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin were 15, 18 and 0%, respectively. The occurrences for gemcitabine and carboplatin were 53, 21 and 50%, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 non-hematologic toxicities for methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin were nausea and vomiting in 24%, and were not observed for gemcitabine and carboplatin. The lowest median estimated glomerular filtration rate during methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin and gemcitabine and carboplatin was 55.8 and 70.6 ml/min/1.73 m(2), respectively (P = 0.002). The rate of down-stage to pT1 or less was 59% for methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin, and 53% for gemcitabine and carboplatin (P = 0.624). The recurrence-free survival of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin, and gemcitabine and carboplatin, at 36 months from the diagnosis was 79 and 75%, respectively (P = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant gemcitabine and carboplatin showed less non-hematologic toxicity than methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin, and especially less nephrotoxicity was demonstrated for gemcitabine and carboplatin. Although observed during the short term, the recurrence-free survival for gemcitabine and carboplatin was comparable to that for methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin.