Source and migration of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in the coastal East China Sea using multiproxies of marine organic geochemistry.

Multiple proxies of terrestrial organic matters (TOM) were introduced to study the migration behaviors of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the coastal East China Sea (ECS). The contents of SCCPs in the surface sediment collected from Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta (CRD) and along the Zhejiang-Fujian coastline ranged from 9.0 to 37.2 ng/g (dry weight, d.w.), displaying a "band-style" distribution trend. Spatial distribution patterns of SCCP congeners presented an increasing trend seaward and southward along the coastline for shorter carbon length (C₁₀ + C₁₁) and lower chlorinated (Cl₅ + Cl₆ + Cl₇) congeners, suggesting a spreading tendency seaward and southward from the CRD and the north of the inner shelf. The significant relationship between ΣSCCPs and total organic carbons (TOC) (r(2) = 0.402, p < 0.05) indicated that the migration of SCCPs in sediments was markedly affected by TOC. The spatial patterns of the TOM proxies of TOC δ(13)C, the contents of ΣC₂₇ + C₂₉ + C₃₁ n-alkanes, terrestrial marine biomarker ratio (TMBR), and terrestrial TOC (T-TOC) were all similar to that of ΣSCCPs. Linear relationships between SCCP contents and both the contents of ΣC₂₇ + C₂₉ + C₃₁ n-alkanes (r(2) = 0.537, p < 0.05) and T-TOC (r(2) = 0.495, p < 0.05) were also observed. The consistence demonstrated that a major portion of sedimentary SCCPs in the coastal ECS should be from the river input of Changjiang River and deposited in the CRD and along the inner shelf of the ECS, but only a minor fraction was transported to the offshore areas.

[1]  Zineng Yuan,et al.  Terrestrial and marine biomarker estimates of organic matter sources and distributions in surface sediments from the East China Sea shelf , 2011 .

[2]  Bo Yuan,et al.  Distribution and trophic transfer of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in an aquatic ecosystem receiving effluents from a sewage treatment plant. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[3]  D. Muir,et al.  Levels of C10−C13 Polychloro-n-Alkanes in Marine Mammals from the Arctic and the St. Lawrence River Estuary , 2000 .

[4]  Yawei Wang,et al.  Short chain chlorinated paraffins in mollusks from coastal waters in the Chinese Bohai Sea. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  Saulwood Lin,et al.  Influence of the Yangtze River and grain size on the spatial variations of heavy metals and organic carbon in the East China Sea continental shelf sediments , 2002 .

[6]  R. Schneider,et al.  Disentangling marine, soil and plant organic carbon contributions to continental margin sediments: A multi-proxy approach in a 20,000 year sediment record from the Congo deep-sea fan , 2009 .

[7]  P. Meyers,et al.  Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes , 1997 .

[8]  Gan Zhang,et al.  High-resolution depositional records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the central continental shelf mud of the East China Sea. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[9]  J. Hedges,et al.  Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis , 1995 .

[10]  Ke Xiao,et al.  Distribution of short chain chlorinated paraffins in marine sediments of the East China Sea: influencing factors, transport and implications. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  Hans W. Paerl,et al.  Assessing and managing nutrient-enhanced eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters: Interactive effects of human and climatic perturbations , 2006 .

[12]  Xiaojun Luo,et al.  Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[13]  Huayun Yang,et al.  Residues and enantiomeric profiling of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Yueqing Bay and Sanmen Bay, East China Sea. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[14]  Michael Oehme,et al.  New quantification procedure for the analysis of chlorinated paraffins using electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[15]  G. Jiang,et al.  Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT) in sediments collected from East China Sea. , 2005, Environment international.

[16]  J. Milliman,et al.  Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea , 2007 .

[17]  R. Benner,et al.  What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean , 2004 .

[18]  Yawei Wang,et al.  Levels and distribution patterns of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[19]  B. Men,et al.  Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea (China) , 2009 .

[20]  Xiaojun Luo,et al.  Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) together with sediment properties in the surface sediments of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[21]  Jing Zhang,et al.  Bulk particulate organic carbon in the East China Sea: Tidal influence and bottom transport , 2006 .

[22]  I. Bouloubassi,et al.  Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea. , 2001, Marine pollution bulletin.

[23]  Xuchen Wang,et al.  Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter in Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuarine and East China Sea shelf sediments , 2008 .

[24]  S. L. Yang,et al.  Sedimentation on a Growing Intertidal Island in the Yangtze River Mouth , 1999 .

[25]  J. Edmond,et al.  Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Changjiang estuary , 1991 .

[26]  R. Schneider,et al.  Integrated marine and terrestrial evidence for abrupt Congo River palaeodischarge fluctuations during the last deglaciation , 2001 .

[27]  M. Sarnthein,et al.  Marine and terrestrial biomarker records for the last 35,000 years at ODP site 658c off NW Africa , 2000 .

[28]  Gi Hoon Hong,et al.  Sources and distribution of carbon within the Yangtze River system , 2007 .

[29]  Thun Switzerland,et al.  Historical Profiles of Chlorinated Paraffins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in a Dated Sediment Core from Lake Thun ( Switzerland ) , 2008 .

[30]  M. Minagawa,et al.  Sedimentary record of marine and terrigenous organic matter delivery to the Shatsky Rise, western North Pacific, over the last 130 kyr , 2003 .

[31]  Su-jeong Lee,et al.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and bivalves from Korean coastal waters. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[32]  Xiao-Jun Luo,et al.  Chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, South China: spatial and temporal distributions and implication for processes. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[33]  Gary A. Stern,et al.  Occurrence of C10−C13 Polychlorinated n-Alkanes in Canadian Midlatitude and Arctic Lake Sediments , 1999 .

[34]  G. Gong,et al.  Relationship between carbonaceous materials and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediments of the Danshui River and adjacent coastal areas, Taiwan. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[35]  Damià Barceló,et al.  Occurrence, fate and analysis of polychlorinated n-alkanes in the environment , 2009 .

[36]  Yan Wang,et al.  Reconstruction of sediment flux from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) to the sea since the 1860s , 2008 .

[37]  I. Campbell,et al.  Chlorinated paraffins and the environment. 1. Environmental occurrence , 1980 .

[38]  Yawei Wang,et al.  Spatial and vertical distribution of short chain chlorinated paraffins in soils from wastewater irrigated farmlands. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[39]  R. Pancost,et al.  The dispersal of sedimentary terrestrial organic matter in the East China Sea (ECS) as revealed by biomarkers and hydro-chemical characteristics , 2008 .

[40]  Xiaojun Luo,et al.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta: Levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence. , 2006, Environmental pollution.

[41]  G. Gong,et al.  Relationships between pesticides and organic carbon fractions in sediments of the Danshui River estuary and adjacent coastal areas of Taiwan. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[42]  K. Rockne,et al.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes. 4. Influencing factors, trends, and implications. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[43]  J. Liua,et al.  Sedimentary features of the Yangtze River-derived along-shelf clinoform deposit in the East China Sea , 2006 .

[44]  Anchun Li,et al.  Sedimentary features of the Yangtze River-derived along-shelf clinoform deposit in the East China Sea , 2006 .

[45]  Geoffrey Eglinton,et al.  Leaf Epicuticular Waxes , 1967, Science.

[46]  Gan Zhang,et al.  Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China. , 2002, Environmental pollution.

[47]  W. Völkel,et al.  Effects of chain length, chlorination degree, and structure on the octanol-water partition coefficients of polychlorinated n-alkanes. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[48]  J. Milliman,et al.  Modern Huanghe-derived muds on the outer shelf of the East China Sea: identification and potential transport mechanisms , 1985 .

[49]  Huiying Li,et al.  Distribution and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in surficial sediments from Haihe River and Haihe Estuary Area, China. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[50]  R. Evans,et al.  Examination of the behavior and liver and thyroid histology of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to high dietary concentrations of C(10)-, C(11)-, C(12)- and C(14)-polychlorinated n-alkanes. , 2001, Aquatic toxicology.

[51]  W. Jeng,et al.  A comparison of sedimentary aliphatic hydrocarbon distribution between East China Sea and southern Okinawa Trough , 2008 .

[52]  Fan Su,et al.  Environmental occurrence and distribution of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments and soils from the Liaohe River Basin, P. R. China. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.