Entrepreneurial alliances as contractual forms

Building upon taxonomical research on interfirm alliances, we investigate the design of entrepreneurial firms' alliances in more fine-grained terms by focusing on the specific contractual provisions that firms put into their alliance contracts. Drawing upon transaction cost arguments, we examine the determinants of the contractual complexity of collaborative agreements in the German telecommunications industry. Further, in order to separate contractual form and governance structure and to compare their antecedents, we also examine factors influencing the choices firms make between equity and non-equity arrangements.

[1]  B. Nooteboom,et al.  Effects of trust and governance on relational risk. , 1997 .

[2]  R. Gulati.  Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances , 1995 .

[3]  Yadong Luo,et al.  Contract, cooperation, and performance in international joint ventures , 2002 .

[4]  Pat H. Dickson,et al.  The Influence of National Culture on the Formation of Technology Alliances by Entrepreneurial Firms , 2000 .

[5]  John W. Clarr.  Cooperative Strategies in International Business , 1990 .

[6]  Dale E. Zand.  Trust and Managerial Problem Solving , 1972 .

[7]  R. Brandis.  The Limits of Organization , 1975 .

[8]  D. Dillman.  Mail and telephone surveys : the total design method , 1979 .

[9]  Jeffrey J. Reuer,et al.  Post-formation dynamics in strategic alliances , 2002 .

[10]  Andrew Zacharakis.  Entrepreneurial Entry into Foreign Markets: A Transaction Cost Perspective , 1997 .

[11]  S. Shane,et al.  The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research , 2000 .

[12]  Andrea L. Larson.  Partner networks: Leveraging external ties to improve entrepreneurial performance☆ , 1991 .

[13]  K. Mark Weaver,et al.  The Moderating Effect of National Culture on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Strategic Alliance Portfolio Extensiveness , 2002 .

[14]  William G. Egelhoff,et al.  Strategy, size of firm, and the use of technical alliances: An explanatory study , 1994 .

[15]  Candace E Young-Ybarra,et al.  Strategic Flexibility in Information Technology Alliances: the Influence of Transaction Cost Economics and Social Exchange Theory , 1999 .

[16]  L. Zucker.  Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840–1920. , 1986 .

[17]  Leonardo Becchetti,et al.  The Determinants of Growth for Small and Medium Sized Firms. The Role of the Availability of External Finance , 2002 .

[18]  Michael D. Ryall,et al.  Do Prior Alliances Influence Contract Structure? Evidence from Technology Alliance Contracts , 2003 .

[19]  T. Kanai,et al.  Entrepreneurial networks across oceans to promote international strategic alliances for small businesses , 1994 .

[20]  G. Stigler.  The Economics of Information , 1961, Journal of Political Economy.

[21]  Jeffrey J. Reuer,et al.  Interorganizational Routines and Performance in Strategic Alliances , 2002, Organ. Sci..

[22]  R. Merges,et al.  The Control of Technology Alliances: An Empirical Analysis of the Biotechnology Industry , 2003 .

[23]  Arvind Parkhe.  Strategic Alliance Structuring: A Game Theoretic and Transaction Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation , 1993 .

[24]  M. Hitt,et al.  Alliance Management as a Source of Competitive Advantage , 2002 .

[25]  R. Gulati,et al.  The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances , 1998 .

[26]  D. Slevin,et al.  A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior , 1991 .

[27]  W. Mueller,et al.  An Empirical Test of the Free Rider and Market Power Hypothesis , 1991 .

[28]  Francine Lafontaine.  Agency Theory and Franchising: Some Empirical Results , 1992 .

[29]  John Mccallum,et al.  National Borders Matter: Canada-U.S. Regional Trade Patterns , 1995 .

[30]  Harvey S. James,et al.  Separating Contract from Governance , 2000 .

[31]  S. Park,et al.  Market valuation of joint ventures: Joint venture characteristics and wealth gains , 1997 .

[32]  O. Williamson.  The economic institutions of capitalism , 1985 .

[33]  Benjamin Gomes-Casseres.  Alliance Strategies of Small Firms , 1997 .

[34]  Jeffrey J. Reuer,et al.  Asymmetric information and joint venture performance : Theory and evidence for domestic and international joint ventures , 2000 .

[35]  E. B. Andersen,et al.  Modern factor analysis , 1961 .

[36]  Anoop Madhok,et al.  Opportunism and trust in joint venture relationships: an exploratory study and a model , 1995 .

[37]  J. Nunnally.  Psychometric Theory (2nd ed), New York: McGraw-Hill. , 1978 .

[38]  Andrew C. Inkpen,et al.  Why Do Some Strategic Alliances Persist beyond Their Useful Life? , 2001 .

[39]  A. Ariño,et al.  Contractual Renegotiations in Strategic Alliances , 2002 .

[40]  P. Ring,et al.  Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships , 1994 .

[41]  K. Mark Weaver,et al.  Outcome quality of small- to medium- sized enterprise-based alliances: The role of perceived partner behaviors , 1998 .

[42]  Shaker A. Zahra,et al.  The effects of business-university alliances on innovative output and financial performance: a study of publicly traded biotechnology companies , 2002 .

[43]  Jan B. Heide.  Interorganizational Governance in Marketing Channels , 1994 .

[44]  Barton A. Weitz,et al.  The Use of Pledges to Build and Sustain Commitment in , 1992 .

[45]  P. Joskow.  Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence , 1988 .

[46]  M. Sarkar,et al.  Alliance entrepreneurship and firm market performance , 2001 .

[47]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[48]  Todd R. Zenger,et al.  Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements , 2002 .

[49]  Stewart Macaulay.  Non-contractual relations in business: a preliminary study , 1963 .

[50]  Scott Shane,et al.  Are champions different from non-champions? , 1994 .

[51]  B. Hillebrand,et al.  Trust and Formal Control in Interorganizational Relationships , 2002 .

[52]  Z. Ács,et al.  Innovation, Market Structure, and Firm Size , 1987 .

[53]  David L. Deeds,et al.  An examination of opportunistic action within research alliances: Evidence from the biotechnology industry , 1999 .

[54]  P. M. Podsakoff,et al.  Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects , 1986 .

[55]  Benjamin Gomes Casseres.  Alliance Strategies of Small Firms , 1997 .

[56]  J. Jarillo.  On strategic networks , 1988 .

[57]  Yves L. Doz,et al.  Technology Partnerships between Larger and Smaller Firms: Some Critical Issues , 1987 .

[58]  Terry S. Overton,et al.  Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys , 1977 .

[59]  O. Williamson.  Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives , 1994 .

[60]  G. Pisano.  Using Equity Participation to Support Exchange: Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry , 1989 .

[61]  David L. Deeds,et al.  International alliances as sources of capital: Evidence from the biotechnology industry , 2000 .

[62]  J. Hennart,et al.  A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures , 1988 .

[63]  M. Hitt,et al.  International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. , 2000 .

[64]  W. Dugger.  The Economic Institutions of Capitalism , 1987 .

[65]  Kenneth J. Reynolds,et al.  The efficiency of incomplete contracts: an empirical analysis of air force engine procurement , 1993 .

[66]  B. Borys,et al.  Hybrid Arrangements as Strategic Alliances: Theoretical Issues in Organizational Combinations , 1989 .

[67]  T. Das,et al.  Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances , 1998 .

[68]  Martin Niederkofler.  The evolution of strategic alliances: Opportunities for managerial influence , 1991 .

[69]  J. Oxley.  Appropriability Hazards and Governance in Strategic Alliances: A Transaction Cost Approach , 1997 .

[70]  Andrea L. Larson.  Network Dyads in Entrepreneurial Settings: A Study of the Governance of Exchange Relationships , 1992 .

[71]  Louis T. Wells,et al.  Managing the multinational enterprise , 1972 .

[72]  Pat H. Dickson,et al.  Environmental Determinants and Individual-Level Moderators of Alliance Use , 1997 .

[73]  Harbir Singh,et al.  Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: building relational capital , 2000 .

[74]  David L. Deeds,et al.  DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY VENTURES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY FIRMS , 2000 .