Effects of Osmoprotectants upon NaCl Stress in Rice

Plants accumulate a number of osmoprotective substances in response to NaCl stress, one of them being proline (Pro). While characterizing some of the changes in solute accumulation in NaCl-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L.), we identified several other potential osmoprotectants. One such substance, trehalose, begins to accumulate in small amounts in roots after 3 d. We performed a series of experiments to compare the effects of Pro and trehalose on ion accumulation to determine whether the two chemicals protect the same physiological processes. We found that Pro either has no effect or, in some cases, exasperates the effect of NaCl on growth inhibition, chlorophyll loss, and induction of a highly sensitive marker for plant stress, the osmotically regulated salT gene. By contrast, low to moderate concentrations of trehalose reduce Na+ accumulation, salT expression, and growth inhibition. Somewhat higher concentrations (10 mM) prevent NaCl-induced loss of chlorophyll in blades, preserve root integrity, and enhance growth. The results of this study indicate that during osmotic stress trehalose or carbohydrates might be more important for rice than Pro.

[1]  J. Sambrook,et al.  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual , 2001 .

[2]  M. Van Montagu,et al.  Environmental and developmental signals modulate proline homeostasis: evidence for a negative transcriptional regulator. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki,et al.  A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydration in Arabidopsis. , 1996, The Plant cell.

[4]  E. T. Palva,et al.  Drought tolerance in tobacco , 1996, Nature.

[5]  M. Van Montagu,et al.  Characterization of a S-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase Gene in Rice , 1994, Plant physiology.

[6]  A. Kameli,et al.  Carbohydrates and water status in wheat plants under water stress. , 1993, The New phytologist.

[7]  J. Staden,et al.  The occurrence of trehalose in the leaves of the desiccation-tolerant angiosperm Myrothamnus flabellifolius welw. , 1993 .

[8]  P. P. AliaSaradhi.  Suppression in Mitochondrial Electron Transport Is the Prime Cause behind Stress-Induced Proline Accumulation , 1993 .

[9]  H. Bohnert,et al.  Stress Protection of Transgenic Tobacco by Production of the Osmolyte Mannitol , 1993, Science.

[10]  C. Colaco,et al.  Extraordinary Stability of Enzymes Dried in Trehalose: Simplified Molecular Biology , 1992, Bio/Technology.

[11]  H. Bohnert,et al.  Increased Expression of a myo-Inositol Methyl Transferase in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Is Part of a Stress Response Distinct from Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Induction. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[12]  S. Lindquist,et al.  Hsp104 is required for tolerance to many forms of stress. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[13]  R. Bieleski,et al.  Mannitol Synthesis in Higher Plants : Evidence for the Role and Characterization of a NADPH-Dependent Mannose 6-Phosphate Reductase. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[14]  H. Hayashi,et al.  Glycinebetaine enhances and stabilizes the evolution of oxygen and the synthesis of ATP by cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes , 1991, FEBS letters.

[15]  D. Rudulier,et al.  Effects of Salt Stress on Amino Acid, Organic Acid, and Carbohydrate Composition of Roots, Bacteroids, and Cytosol of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). , 1991, Plant physiology.

[16]  W. Van Camp,et al.  Differential regulation of superoxide dismutases in plants exposed to environmental stress. , 1991, The Plant cell.

[17]  R. Krishnamurthy.  Amelioration of Salinity Effect in Salt Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Foliar Application of Putrescine , 1991 .

[18]  L. Reinhold,et al.  Mitochondria Isolated from NaCl-Adapted Tobacco Cell Lines (Nicotiana tabacum/gossii) Maintain Their Phosphorylative Capacity in Highly Saline Media. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[19]  F. Salamini,et al.  An ABA and GA modulated gene expressed in the barley embryo encodes an aldose reductase related protein. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[20]  C. Kao,et al.  Characteristics of the Induction of the Accumulation of Proline by Abscisic Acid and Isobutyric Acid in Detached Rice Leaves , 1991 .

[21]  K. Takeda,et al.  Effects of osmotic and salt stresses on the accumulation of polyamines in leaf segments from wheat varieties differing in salt and drought tolerance , 1990 .

[22]  D. Gaff,et al.  Influence of compatible solutes on soluble enzymes from desiccation-tolerant Sporobolus stapfianus and desiccation-sensitive Sporobolus pyramidalis , 1990 .

[23]  M. Van Montagu,et al.  Characterization of a rice gene showing organ-specific expression in response to salt stress and drought. , 1990, The Plant cell.

[24]  D. Hincha.  Low concentrations of trehalose protect isolated thylakoids against mechanical freeze-thaw damage , 1989 .

[25]  K. A. Bhagwat,et al.  Polyamines as modulators of salt tolerance in rice cultivars. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[26]  P. B. K. Kishor.  Salt stress in cultured rice cells: effects of proline and abscisic acid , 1989 .

[27]  L. Hansen,et al.  Effects of NaCl on metabolic heat evolution rates by barley roots. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[28]  T. Flowers,et al.  Selection of lines with high and low sodium transport from within varieties of an inbreeding species; rice (Oryza sativa L.) , 1988 .

[29]  P. Hasegawa,et al.  Solute Accumulation in Tobacco Cells Adapted to NaCl. , 1987, Plant physiology.

[30]  J. Kueh,et al.  Influence of Proline and Glycinebetaine on Salt Tolerance of Cultured Barley Embryos , 1987 .

[31]  R. Newton,et al.  Physiological Changes in Cultured Sorghum Cells in Response to Induced Water Stress : II. Soluble Carbohydrates and Organic Acids. , 1986, Plant physiology.

[32]  Jonathan D. G. Jones,et al.  High level expression of introduced chimaeric genes in regenerated transformed plants , 1985, The EMBO journal.

[33]  A. Läuchli,et al.  Oxygen-Dependent Exclusion of Sodium Ions from Shoots by Roots of Zea mays (cv Pioneer 3906) in Relation to Salinity Damage. , 1985, Plant physiology.

[34]  R. Newton,et al.  Physiological changes in cultured sorghum cells in response to induced water stress : I. Free proline. , 1985, Plant physiology.

[35]  J. Crowe,et al.  Preservation of Membranes in Anhydrobiotic Organisms: The Role of Trehalose , 1984, Science.

[36]  J. Crowe,et al.  Interactions of phospholipid monolayers with carbohydrates. , 1984, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[37]  N. Carpita,et al.  Solutes contributing to osmotic adjustment in cultured plant cells adapted to water stress. , 1983, Plant physiology.

[38]  T. Flowers,et al.  Varietal differences in the toxicity of sodium ions in rice leaves , 1983 .

[39]  T. Flowers,et al.  Accumulation and localisation of sodium ions within the shoots of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties differing in salinity resistance , 1982 .

[40]  A. Galston,et al.  Polyamines and Plant Stress: Activation of Putrescine Biosynthesis by Osmotic Shock , 1982, Science.

[41]  W. Armstrong.  Oxygen Diffusion from the Roots of Rice Grown under Non-waterlogged Conditions , 1971 .

[42]  F. Skoog,et al.  A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures , 1962 .

[43]  P. Saradhi,et al.  Suppression in mitochondrial electron transport is the prime cause behind stress induced proline accumulation. , 1993, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[44]  J. Billard,et al.  Effect of salinity on lipid composition, glycine betaine content and photosynthetic activity in chloroplasts of Suaeda maritima , 1991 .

[45]  R. Grumet,et al.  Genetic Evidence for an Osmoregulatory Function of Glycinebetaine Accumulation in Barley , 1986 .

[46]  S. L. Mehta,et al.  Effect of drought on enzymes and free proline in rice varieties , 1977 .

[47]  J. Cock,et al.  Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice , 1971 .

[48]  D. Arnon.  COPPER ENZYMES IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS. POLYPHENOLOXIDASE IN BETA VULGARIS. , 1949, Plant physiology.