Regulatory Experiences with Root Causes and Risk Factors for Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals.

[1]  N. Mei,et al.  Genotoxicity evaluation of nitrosamine impurities using human TK6 cells transduced with cytochrome P450s , 2022, Archives of Toxicology.

[2]  P. Keizers,et al.  International Regulatory Collaboration on the Analysis of Nitrosamines in Metformin-Containing Medicines , 2022, The AAPS Journal.

[3]  S. Hecht,et al.  Metabolic Activation and DNA Interactions of Carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines to Which Humans Are Commonly Exposed , 2022, International journal of molecular sciences.

[4]  R. Boetzel,et al.  A Nitrite Excipient Database: A Useful Tool to Support N-Nitrosamine Risk Assessments for Drug Products. , 2022, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[5]  Tim Müller,et al.  Avoiding N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Metformin Pharmaceuticals by Limiting Dimethylamine and Nitrite. , 2022, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[6]  R. Roškar,et al.  Nitrocellulose blister material as a source of N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical drug products. , 2022, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[7]  Krista L Dobo,et al.  Practical and Science-Based Strategy for Establishing Acceptable Intakes for Drug Product N-Nitrosamine Impurities , 2022, Chemical research in toxicology.

[8]  M. Parr,et al.  Risk assessment for nitrosated pharmaceuticals: A future perspective in drug development , 2022, Archiv der Pharmazie.

[9]  Bettine Boltres Evaluating Nitrosamines from Elastomers in Pharmaceutical Primary Packaging , 2021, PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology.

[10]  M. Weise,et al.  The EU Response to the Presence of Nitrosamine Impurities in Medicines , 2021, Frontiers in Medicine.

[11]  Tony W. T. Bristow,et al.  NDMA Analytics in Metformin Products: Comparison of Methods and Pitfalls. , 2021, European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.

[12]  Nathan D. Ide,et al.  Nitrosamine Reactivity: A Survey of Reactions and Purge Processes , 2021, Organic Process Research & Development.

[13]  K. K. Nanda,et al.  Inhibition of N-Nitrosamine Formation in Drug Products: A Model Study. , 2021, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[14]  D. Strauss,et al.  Effect of Oral Ranitidine on Urinary Excretion of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA): A Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2021, JAMA.

[15]  D. Strauss,et al.  In Vitro Analysis of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Formation From Ranitidine Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions , 2021, JAMA network open.

[16]  B. Tuesuwan,et al.  Nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals: threat, impact, and control. , 2021, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[17]  T. Swager,et al.  An Organic Chemist's Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure, Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants. , 2021, The Journal of organic chemistry.

[18]  Y. Goda,et al.  N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Formation from Ranitidine Impurities: Possible Root Causes of the Presence of NDMA in Ranitidine Hydrochloride. , 2021, Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[19]  Tarek Manasfi Ozonation in drinking water treatment: an overview of general and practical aspects, mechanisms, kinetics, and byproduct formation , 2021 .

[20]  M. Urquhart,et al.  Ranitidine—Investigations into the Root Cause for the Presence of N-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylamine in Ranitidine Hydrochloride Drug Substances and Associated Drug Products , 2020 .

[21]  A. Zmyslowski,et al.  N-Nitrosodimethylamine Contamination in the Metformin Finished Products , 2020, Molecules.

[22]  Michal Douša,et al.  HILIC-MS determination of dimethylamine in the active pharmaceutical ingredients and in the dosage forms of metformin. , 2020, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[23]  F. Aldawsari,et al.  HS-SPME-GC-MS as an alternative method for NDMA analysis in ranitidine products. , 2020, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[24]  Yasuhiro Abe,et al.  Temperature-dependent formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine during the storage of ranitidine reagent powders and tablets. , 2020, Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[25]  R. Tennant,et al.  Are all nitrosamines concerning? A review of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity data. , 2020, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[26]  A. Teasdale,et al.  Potential for the Formation of N-Nitrosamines during the Manufacture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: An Assessment of the Risk Posed by Trace Nitrite in Water , 2020 .

[27]  F. Toldrá,et al.  Chemistry, safety, and regulatory considerations in the use of nitrite and nitrate from natural origin in meat products. , 2020, Meat science.

[28]  James A. McManus,et al.  Pathways for N-Nitroso Compound Formation: Secondary Amines and Beyond , 2020 .

[29]  D. Keire,et al.  A Cautionary Tale: Quantitative LC-HRMS Analytical Procedures for the Analysis of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Metformin , 2020, The AAPS Journal.

[30]  Naseem A. Charoo,et al.  Lesson Learnt from Recall of Valsartan and Other Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Drugs Containing NDMA and NDEA Impurities , 2019, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[31]  M. Parr,et al.  NDMA impurity in valsartan and other pharmaceutical products: Analytical methods for the determination of N‐nitrosamines , 2019, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[32]  R. Halden,et al.  Critical review of major sources of human exposure to N-nitrosamines. , 2018, Chemosphere.

[33]  A. Teasdale,et al.  Regulatory Highlights , 2018, Organic Process Research & Development.

[34]  Qing Yang,et al.  "Ghost peak" of clofazimine: A solution degradation product of clofazimine via nucleophilic substitution by nitrite leaching from certain glass HPLC vials. , 2018, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[35]  S. Baertschi,et al.  Artifactual degradation of secondary amine‐containing drugs during accelerated stability testing when saturated sodium nitrite solutions are used for humidity control , 2018, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[36]  W. Daud,et al.  Toward N-nitrosamines free water: Formation, prevention, and removal , 2017 .

[37]  Juan Lv,et al.  Characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from the ozonation of ranitidine. , 2017, Journal of environmental sciences.

[38]  T. Karanfil,et al.  Formation Mechanism of NDMA from Ranitidine, Trimethylamine, and Other Tertiary Amines during Chloramination: A Computational Study , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[39]  Paul Westerhoff,et al.  Formation, precursors, control, and occurrence of nitrosamines in drinking water: a review. , 2013, Water research.

[40]  Y. Kawamura,et al.  Analysis of N-Nitrosamine Migration from Rubber Teats and Soothers , 2013 .

[41]  A. Martelli,et al.  Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies of bronchodilators and antiasthma drugs. , 2013, Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology.

[42]  J. Croué,et al.  NDMA formation by chloramination of ranitidine: kinetics and mechanism. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[43]  Ajit S. Narang,et al.  Reactive Impurities in Excipients: Profiling, Identification and Mitigation of Drug–Excipient Incompatibility , 2011, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[44]  Susan A Andrews,et al.  Demonstration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection. , 2011, Water research.

[45]  A. Zubek,et al.  Synthesen des Hydrazins und seiner Alkylderivate , 2010 .

[46]  T. Karanfil,et al.  Unexpected role of activated carbon in promoting transformation of secondary amines to N-nitrosamines. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[47]  A. Martelli,et al.  Update on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity testing of 472 marketed pharmaceuticals. , 2009, Mutation research.

[48]  E. Delaney,et al.  An impact analysis of the application of the threshold of toxicological concern concept to pharmaceuticals. , 2007, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[49]  A. Martelli,et al.  Genotoxic and carcinogenic risk to humans of drug-nitrite interaction products. , 2007, Mutation research.

[50]  A. Martelli,et al.  Keynote comment: nitrosatable drugs, cancer, and guidelines for genotoxicity. , 2005, The Lancet. Oncology.

[51]  R. Preussmann Carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and their environmental significance , 1984, Naturwissenschaften.

[52]  M. Müller,et al.  Organotrope carcinogene Wirkungen bei 65 verschiedenen N-Nitroso-Verbindungen an BD-Ratten , 2004, Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung.

[53]  H. Hatt unsym.‐Dimethylhydrazine Hydrochloride , 2003 .

[54]  G. Özhan,et al.  Genotoxic Activities of Drug-Nitrite Interaction Products , 2003, Drug and chemical toxicology.

[55]  John D Spengler,et al.  Nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone concentrations in residential environments. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[56]  A R Tricker,et al.  N-nitroso compounds and man: sources of exposure, endogenous formation and occurrence in body fluids. , 1997, European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation.

[57]  Eric B. Sansone,et al.  Aerial oxidation of hydrazines to nitrosamines , 1991, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[58]  Michael L. McKee,et al.  MCSCF study of the rearrangement of nitromethane to methyl nitrite , 1989 .

[59]  L. M. Libbey,et al.  Identification of minor nitrosation products of the alkaloid gramine by mass spectrometry. , 1987, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[60]  M. Wiessler,et al.  The enigma of the organspecificity of carcinogenic nitrosamines , 1987 .

[61]  R. C. Lawrence,et al.  Analysis of selected drug formulations for volatile nitrosamines. , 1987, Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

[62]  J. Saavedra RECENT SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS OF N-NITROSAMINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS , 1987 .

[63]  M. Evans,et al.  Isolation and identification of the hydrolytic degradation products of ranitidine hydrochloride , 1987 .

[64]  T. Wainright THE CHEMISTRY OF NITROSAMINE FORMATION: RELEVANCE TO MALTING AND BREWING , 1986 .

[65]  L. Hagmar,et al.  Formation of N-mononitrosopiperazine in the stomach and its excretion in the urine after oral intake of piperazine. , 1985, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[66]  P. I. Reed,et al.  Susceptibilities of drugs to nitrosation under simulated gastric conditions. , 1985, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[67]  G. Brambilla,et al.  Formation of DNA-damaging nitroso compounds by interaction of drugs with nitrite. A preliminary screening for detecting potentially hazardous drugs. , 1985, Journal of toxicology and environmental health.

[68]  M. Mosquera,et al.  Nitrite ion as a nitrosating reagent. Nitrosation of morpholine and diethylamine in the presence of formaldehyde , 1985 .

[69]  W. Klaus,et al.  The Effects of Molsidomine and Its Metabolite SIN‐1 on Coronary Vessel Tone, Platelet Aggregation, and Eicosanoid Formation In Vitro—Inhibition of 12‐HPETE Biosynthesis , 1984, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology.

[70]  W. Tomasik,et al.  Rapid nitrosamine formation from a tertiary amine: The nitrosation of 2-(N,N-Dimethylaminomethyl)pyrrole , 1983 .

[71]  D. Havery,et al.  Estimation of volatile N-nitrosamines in rubber nipples for babies' bottles. , 1982, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[72]  B. Spiegelhalder,et al.  Nitrosamines and rubber. , 1982, IARC scientific publications.

[73]  L. E. Martin,et al.  SAFETY OF RANITIDINE , 1981, The Lancet.

[74]  E. A. Walker,et al.  Analysis of volatile N-nitrosamines in commercial drugs. , 1981, Food and cosmetics toxicology.

[75]  M. Mochizuki,et al.  Isolation and characterization of N-alkyl-N- (hydroxymethyl)nitrosamines from N-alkyl-N- (hydroperoxymethyl)nitrosamines by deoxygenation , 1980 .

[76]  G. Eisenbrand,et al.  Carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine as a contamination in drugs containing 4-dimethylamino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one (amidopyrine, aminophenazone). , 1979, Arzneimittel-Forschung.

[77]  D. Fine,et al.  N-Nitroso compound contaminants in prescription and nonprescription drugs. , 1979, Arzneimittel-Forschung.

[78]  S. Mirvish,et al.  N-Nitroso derivatives of hydrochlorothiazide, niridazole, and tolbutamide. , 1977, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[79]  P. Roller,et al.  N-Nitrosation by Nitrite Ion in Neutral and Basic Medium , 1973, Science.

[80]  H. Druckrey Specific Carcinogenic and Teratogenic Effects of ‘Indirect’ Alkylating Methyl and Ethyl compounds, and their Dependency on Stages of Ontogenic Developments , 1973 .

[81]  W. Lijinsky,et al.  Carcinogenic Nitrosamines formed by Drug/Nitrite Interactions , 1972, Nature.

[82]  W. Lijinsky,et al.  Carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine produced in vivo from nitrite and aminopyrine. , 1972, Nature: New biology.

[83]  A. L. Fridman,et al.  Advances in the Chemistry of Aliphatic N-Nitrosamines , 1971 .

[84]  F. Ender,et al.  Occurrence of nitrosamines in foodstuffs for human and animal consumption. , 1968, Food and cosmetics toxicology.

[85]  J. Sakshaug,et al.  Dimethylnitrosamine; its Hepatotoxic Effect in Sheep and its Occurrence in Toxic Batches of Herring Meal , 1965, Nature.

[86]  E. M. Wilson,et al.  Catalytic Production of N,N-Dimethylhydrazine , 1960 .

[87]  P. Magee,et al.  The Production of Malignant Primary Hepatic Tumours in the Rat by Feeding Dimethylnitrosamine , 1956, British Journal of Cancer.

[88]  P. Magee,et al.  Some Toxic Properties of Dimethylnitrosamine , 1954, British journal of industrial medicine.

[89]  H. Freund CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND STUDIES IN PARENCHYMATOUS HEPATITIS , 1937 .

[90]  E. Fischer Ueber die Hydrazinverbindungen der Fettreihe , 1875 .

[91]  A. Geuther Ueber die Einwirkung von salpetrigsaurem Kali auf salzsaures Diäthylamin , 1863 .