Chapter 1 Background physics for magnetic stimulation

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces starting points for engineering models that can be applied to further develop brain stimulation devices into advanced navigated brain stimulation (NBS) scanners that can produce important information complementary to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), MEG and positron emission tomography (PET). Transcranial magnetic stimulation is based on the well-understood phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. The electric field induced in the neuronal tissue drives ionic currents that charge the capacitances of neuronal membranes and, thereby trigger the firing of neurons. The most likely location of neuronal stimulation in the cerebral cortex is the location of the strongest electric field induced by the stimulation coil. Frameless stereotaxy combined with MR images is gradually becoming the preferred way of doing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Such Navigated Brain Stimulation equipment, or NBS scanners, comprises a “hot spot” localization system with three-dimensional visualization of the stimulating field locations within the brain and automatic generation of reaction maps.

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