Optimal dispatch for participation of electric vehicles in frequency regulation based on area control error and area regulation requirement

Abstract In this paper, optimal strategies are proposed for electric vehicles in charging stations to participate in the secondary frequency regulation, while considering their charging demands. In order to fairly allocate the dispatch from the control center among electric vehicles according to their charging demands, two optimal real-time strategies are proposed, respectively based on area control error and area regulation requirement. With the proposed strategies, the expected charging of electric vehicles is optimally tracked in real time by using the regulation task from the control center. Simulations on a two-area interconnected power grid show that the proposed two strategies can respectively lead to a 12.66% and 16.78% frequency deviation reduction and a 13.76% and 9.86% generator regulation reduction. At the same time, the charging demands of EVs can also be ensured.

[1]  Jianzhong Wu,et al.  Active power regulation for large-scale wind farms through an efficient power plant model of electric vehicles , 2017 .

[2]  Qiang Yang,et al.  Optimal temporal-spatial PEV charging scheduling in active power distribution networks , 2017 .

[3]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Coordinated control for large-scale EV charging facilities and energy storage devices participating in frequency regulation , 2014 .

[4]  Zhiwei Xu,et al.  Optimal Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Power Grids With Cost-Benefit Analysis—Part I: Enabling Techniques , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[5]  Kaoru Sezaki,et al.  Optimal control of the plug-in electric vehicles for V2G frequency regulation using quadratic programming , 2011, ISGT 2011.

[6]  Sekyung Han,et al.  Economic assessment on V2G frequency regulation regarding the battery degradation , 2012, 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[7]  Canbing Li,et al.  Hidden Benefits of Electric Vehicles for Addressing Climate Change , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[8]  Bo Qu,et al.  Dynamic frequency response from electric vehicles considering travelling behavior in the Great Britain power system , 2016 .

[9]  Min Dong,et al.  Real-Time Welfare-Maximizing Regulation Allocation in Dynamic Aggregator-EVs System , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[10]  Hongjie Jia,et al.  Coordinated control for EV aggregators and power plants in frequency regulation considering time-varying delays , 2018 .

[11]  Linni Jian,et al.  A novel real-time scheduling strategy with near-linear complexity for integrating large-scale electric vehicles into smart grid , 2018 .

[12]  Willett Kempton,et al.  ELECTRIC VEHICLES AS A NEW POWER SOURCE FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES , 1997 .

[13]  Paul Rowley,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid feasibility: A techno-economic analysis of EV-based energy storage , 2017 .

[14]  Alec N. Brooks,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid demonstration project: grid regulation ancillary service with a battery electric vehicle. , 2002 .

[15]  Robert C. Green,et al.  The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: a review and outlook , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[16]  Victor O. K. Li,et al.  Capacity Estimation for Vehicle-to-Grid Frequency Regulation Services With Smart Charging Mechanism , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[17]  Hsiao-Dong Chiang,et al.  Coordinated sectional droop charging control for EV aggregator enhancing frequency stability of microgrid with high penetration of renewable energy sources , 2018 .

[18]  Igor Kuzle,et al.  Value of Flexible Electric Vehicles in Providing Spinning Reserve Services , 2015 .

[19]  Hui Liu,et al.  Real-time vehicle-to-grid control for frequency regulation with high frequency regulating signal , 2018 .

[20]  Canbing Li,et al.  EV Dispatch Control for Supplementary Frequency Regulation Considering the Expectation of EV Owners , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[21]  Nicholas DeForest,et al.  Day ahead optimization of an electric vehicle fleet providing ancillary services in the Los Angeles Air Force Base vehicle-to-grid demonstration , 2018 .

[22]  Sekyung Han,et al.  Development of an Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Aggregator for Frequency Regulation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[23]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Electric-drive vehicles for peak power in Japan , 2000 .

[24]  Thomas J. Overbye,et al.  An Authenticated Control Framework for Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[25]  Sekyung Han,et al.  Estimation of Achievable Power Capacity From Plug-in Electric Vehicles for V2G Frequency Regulation: Case Studies for Market Participation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[26]  Yifan Li,et al.  Design of a V2G aggregator to optimize PHEV charging and frequency regulation control , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm).

[27]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Supplementary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[28]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[29]  Kit Po Wong,et al.  Spinning reserve requirement optimization considering integration of plug-in electric vehicles , 2017, 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[30]  Jianxiao Zou,et al.  An optimal dispatching strategy for V2G aggregator participating in supplementary frequency regulation considering EV driving demand and aggregator’s benefits , 2017 .

[31]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[32]  Akihiko Yokoyama,et al.  Autonomous Distributed V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) Satisfying Scheduled Charging , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.