Influence of mileage accumulation on the particle mass and number emissions of two gasoline direct injection vehicles.

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) is a new engine technology intended to improve fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions as required by recently enacted legislative and environmental regulations. The development of this technology must also ensure that these vehicles meet new LEV III and Tier 3 emissions standards as they phase in between 2017 and 2021. The aim of the present paper is to examine, at least for a small set, how the PM emissions from GDI vehicles change over their lifetime. The paper reports particle mass and number emissions of two GDI vehicles as a function of mileage up to 150K miles. These vehicles exhibit PM emissions that are near or below the upcoming 3 mg/mi FTP and 10 mg/mi US06 mass standards with little, if any, deterioration over 150K miles. Particle number emissions roughly follow the previously observed 2 × 10(12) particles/mg correlation between solid particle number and PM mass. They remained between the interim and final EU stage 6 solid particle count standard for gasoline vehicles throughout the mileage accumulation study. These examples demonstrate feasibility to meet near-term 3 mg/mi and interim EU solid particle number standards, but continued development is needed to ensure that this continues as further fuel economy improvements are made.

[1]  Rainer Vogt,et al.  Motor Vehicle PM Emissions Measurement at LEV III Levels , 2011 .

[2]  H. Ando,et al.  Development of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine , 1997 .

[3]  M. Maricq,et al.  Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions: A Comparison of Tailpipe and Dilution Tunnel Measurements , 1999 .

[4]  John M. E. Storey,et al.  An analysis of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) soot morphology , 2012 .

[5]  M. Maricq,et al.  Monitoring Motor Vehicle PM Emissions: An Evaluation of Three Portable Low-Cost Aerosol Instruments , 2013 .

[6]  Werner Hentschel,et al.  Optical diagnostics for combustion process development of direct-injection gasoline engines , 2000 .

[7]  M. Maricq,et al.  The effects of the catalytic converter and fuel sulfur level on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions: gasoline vehicles. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  Heinz Burtscher,et al.  Design, Calibration, and Field Performance of a Miniature Diffusion Size Classifier , 2011 .

[9]  Sherry Zhang,et al.  Particulate Emissions for LEV II Light-Duty Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles , 2012 .

[10]  Mohammad Haghgooie,et al.  Engine-Out Emissions from a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Engine , 1999 .

[11]  J. Andersson,et al.  Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions within the European Legislative Framework: A Review , 2012 .

[12]  Fan Xu,et al.  Effects of a catalytic volatile particle remover (VPR) on the particulate matter emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[13]  J. Richert,et al.  Comparison of an Alternative Particulate Mass Measurement with Advanced Microbalance Analysis , 2004 .

[14]  Zheng Xu,et al.  Development and Optimization of the Ford 3.5L V6 EcoBoost Combustion System , 2009 .

[15]  N. Fraser,et al.  Challenges for Increased Efficiency through Gasoline Engine Downsizing , 2009 .

[16]  John M. E. Storey,et al.  Exhaust Particle Characterization for Lean and Stoichiometric DI Vehicles Operating on Ethanol-Gasoline Blends , 2012 .

[17]  Thomas D. Durbin,et al.  Particulate emission rates from light-duty vehicles in the South Coast Air Quality Management District , 1999 .

[18]  Giovanni Bonandrini,et al.  Numerical Study on Multiple Injection Strategies in DISI Engines for Particulate Emission Control , 2012 .

[19]  Imad A. Khalek,et al.  Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels , 2010 .

[20]  Richard E. Chase,et al.  Examination of the Size-Resolved and Transient Nature of Motor Vehicle Particle Emissions , 1999 .

[21]  Manfred Linke,et al.  A New Device for Transient Measurement of Ultralow Soot Emissions , 2004 .

[22]  Lisa Graham,et al.  Chemical characterization of emissions from advanced technology light-duty vehicles , 2005 .

[23]  Bianca Maria Vaglieco,et al.  Thermodynamic and optical characterizations of a high performance GDI engine operating in homogeneous and stratified charge mixture conditions fueled with gasoline and bio-ethanol , 2012 .

[24]  Barbara J. Turpin,et al.  Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the los angeles basin , 1994 .

[25]  Imad A. Khalek,et al.  Effect of EGR on Particle Emissions from a GDI Engine , 2011 .