The structure and mechanical behavior of ice

Since icebergs were first proposed as potential aircraft carriers in World War II, research has led to a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of ice. While work remains, especially in relating fracture on the small scale to that on the larger scale and to the appropriate structural features, the groundwork in materials science has been laid. This paper presents an overview of the structure and mechanical behavior of polycrystalline terrestrial ice.

[1]  Patrick Williams,et al.  Sawtooth segmentation and deformation processes on the southern San Andreas Fault, California , 1985 .

[2]  V. F. Petrenko,et al.  Physics of Ice , 1999 .

[3]  Michael Dudley,et al.  Dislocation-grain boundary interactions in ice crystals , 1995 .

[4]  Walter B. Tucker,et al.  Stress measurements in drifting pack ice , 1992 .

[5]  John W. Hutchinson,et al.  Creep and plasticity of hexagonal polycrystals as related to single crystal slip , 1977 .

[6]  D. Lockner,et al.  The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite , 1995 .

[7]  L. Pauling.  The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement , 1935 .

[8]  J. W. Glen,et al.  The effect of hydrogen disorder on dislocation movement and plastic deformation of ice , 1968 .

[9]  N. K. Sinha,et al.  Crack-enhanced creep in polycrystalline material: strain-rate sensitive strength and deformation of ice , 1988 .

[10]  Bernard Michel,et al.  Yield and failure envelope for ice under multiaxial compressive stresses , 1986 .

[11]  S. D. Hallam,et al.  The failure of brittle solids containing small cracks under compressive stress states , 1986 .

[12]  Stephen H. Kirby,et al.  Erratum: ``Creep of water ices at planetary conditions: A compilation'' , 1997 .

[13]  William D. Hibler,et al.  The fracture of ice on scales large and small: Arctic leads and wing cracks , 1991, Journal of Glaciology.

[14]  P. H. Gammon,et al.  Triaxial experiments on iceberg and glacier ice , 1995 .

[15]  Wilfrid A. Nixon,et al.  The tensile strength of cracked ice , 1989 .

[16]  M. F. Ashby,et al.  Rate-controlling processes in the creep of polycrystalline ice , 1983 .

[17]  David L. Goldsby,et al.  Grain boundary sliding in fine-grained ice I , 1997 .

[18]  Malcolm Mellor,et al.  Deformation and Fracture of Ice Under Uniaxial Stress , 1972, Journal of Glaciology.

[19]  E. Schulson,et al.  On the ductile-to-brittle transition in ice under compression , 1993 .

[20]  David D. Pollard,et al.  Mechanics of slip and fracture along small faults and simple strike‐slip fault zones in granitic rock , 1989 .

[21]  E. Schulson,et al.  Failure of columnar saline ice under biaxial compression: Failure envelopes and the brittle‐to‐ductile transition , 1995 .

[22]  Zdenek P. Bazant,et al.  SIZE EFFECT IN COMPRESSION FRACTURE: SPLITTING CRACK BAND PROPAGATION , 1997 .

[23]  John R. Marko,et al.  Rectilinear leads and internal motions in the ice pack of the western Arctic Ocean , 1977 .

[24]  M. D. Thouless,et al.  The edge cracking and spalling of brittle plates , 1987 .

[25]  J. Weertman.  Creep Deformation of Ice , 1983 .

[26]  F. E. Kennedy,et al.  The kinetic friction of saline ice against itself at low sliding velocities , 1991, Annals of Glaciology.

[27]  Michael F. Ashby,et al.  The failure of brittle porous solids under compressive stress states , 1986 .

[28]  Jill Tarter,et al.  Physics and chemistry , 1987 .

[29]  Ian Baker,et al.  Fractography of ice , 1989 .

[30]  E. Schulson,et al.  The nucleation of microcracks in ice cubes compressed equally on all boundaries , 1996 .

[31]  N. H. Fletcher,et al.  The Chemical Physics of Ice: Liquid water and freezing , 1970 .

[32]  Stephen J. Jones,et al.  The Confined Compressive Strength of Polycrystalline Ice , 1982 .

[33]  Matti Leppäranta,et al.  Physics of ice-covered seas , 1998 .

[34]  Guozhu Zhao,et al.  Analysis of minor fractures associated with joints and faulted joints , 1991 .

[35]  T. J. O. Sanderson,et al.  Ice Mechanics: Risks to Offshore Structures , 1988 .

[36]  E. Schulson,et al.  The brittle compressive failure of fresh-water columnar ice under biaxial loading , 1993 .

[37]  M. F. Perutz,et al.  A Description of the Iceberg Aircraft Carrier and the Bearing of the Mechanical Properties of Frozen Wood Pulp Upon Some Problems of Glacier Flow , 1948, Journal of Glaciology.

[38]  R. C. Picu,et al.  Observations of crack nucleation in columnar ice due to grain boundary sliding , 1995 .

[39]  J. E. Russell,et al.  Mechanical anisotropy of gneiss: Failure criterion and textural sources of directional behavior , 1990 .

[40]  Paul Duval,et al.  Dynamic recrystallization and texture development in ice as revealed by the study of deep ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland , 1998 .

[41]  J. D. Bernal,et al.  A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions , 1933 .

[42]  J. Weiss,et al.  Fracturing of ice under compression creep as revealed by a multifractal analysis , 1998 .

[43]  E. Schulson,et al.  The failure of fresh-water granular ice under multiaxial compressive loading , 1995 .

[44]  E. Schulson,et al.  A Brittle to Ductile Transition in Ice under Tension , 1984 .

[45]  John P. Dempsey,et al.  The Fracture Toughness of Ice , 1991 .

[46]  E. Schulson,et al.  The brittle compressive fracture of ice , 1990 .

[47]  L. W. Gold.  Dependence of crack formation on crystallographic orientation for ice , 1966 .

[48]  Teng-fong Wong,et al.  MICROMECHANICS OF FAULTING IN WESTERLY GRANITE , 1982 .

[49]  K. F. Jones,et al.  The tensile strength of first-year sea ice , 1993, Journal of Glaciology.

[50]  J. Richter-Menge,et al.  Confined Compressive Strength of Horizontal First-Year Sea Ice Samples , 1991 .

[51]  R. C. Picu,et al.  Crack nucleation mechanism in saline ice , 1994 .

[52]  Ian Jordaan,et al.  Triaxial tests on crushed ice , 1996 .

[53]  L. W. Gold.  The process of failure of columnar-grained ice , 1972 .

[54]  Ian Jordaan,et al.  Ice fracture and spalling in ice-structure interaction , 1996 .

[55]  Barbara Goss Levi.  Kondo Physics Seen in a Quantum Dot , 1998 .

[56]  R. Whitworth,et al.  The influence of the choice of glide plane on the theory of the velocity of dislocations in ice , 1980 .

[57]  Neville H Fletcher,et al.  The Chemical Physics of Ice , 1970 .

[58]  Anthony J. Gow,et al.  Preferred crystal orientations in the fast ice along the margins of the Arctic Ocean , 1978 .

[59]  Takeo Hondoh,et al.  Generation and absorption of dislocations at large-angle grain boundaries in deformed ice crystals , 1983 .

[60]  Ian Jordaan,et al.  Ice-Structure Interaction , 1991 .

[61]  M. Rist,et al.  Ice triaxial deformation and fracture , 1994, Journal of Glaciology.

[62]  E. Schulson,et al.  The ductile-to-brittle transition and ductile failure envelopes of orthotropic ice under biaxial compression , 1995 .

[63]  E. Schulson,et al.  Ductile compressive failure of columnar saline ice under triaxial loading , 1998 .

[64]  E. Schulson,et al.  Brittle failure of columnar saline ice under triaxial compression , 1997 .