The fuel properties of three-phase emulsions as an alternative fuel for diesel engines☆☆

Diesel engines are employed as the major propulsion power for in-land and marine transportation vehicles primarily because of their rigid structure, low breakdown rate, high thermal efficiency and high fuel economy. It is expected that diesel engines will be widely used in the foreseeable future. However, the pollutants emitted from diesel engines (in particular nitrogen oxides and particulate matter) are detrimental to the health of living beings and ecological environment have been recognized as the major air pollution source in metropolitan areas and have thus attracted much research interest. Although diesel oil emulsion has been considered as a possible approach to reduce diesel engine pollutants, previous relevant applications were restricted to two-phase emulsions. Three-phase emulsions such as oil-in-water-in-oil briefly denoted as O/W/O emulsions and water-in-oil-in-water, denoted as W/O/W, have not been used as an alternative fuel for any combustion equipment. Studies on the properties of three-phase emulsion as fuel have not been found in the literatures. The emulsification properties of an O/W/O three-phase diesel fuel emulsion were investigated in this experimental study. The results show that the mean drop size of the O/W/O emulsion was reduced significantly with increasing homogenizing machine revolution speed. An increase in inner phase proportion of the O/W/O emulsion resulted in increasing the emulsion viscosity. The viscosity of O/W/O emulsion is greater than that for water-in-oil (denoted briefly as W/O emulsion) for the same water content. More stable emulsion turbidity appeared for three-phase O/W/O diesel emulsions added with emulsifier with HLB values ranging from 6 to 8. In addition, three-phase O/W/O emulsions with greater water content will form a larger number of liquid droplets, leading to a faster formation rate and greater emulsion turbidity at the beginning but a faster descending rate of emulsion turbidity afterwards. The potential for using O/W/O emulsions as an alternative fuel for diesel engines was also evaluated.