Cyber–physical interactions in power systems: A review of models, methods, and applications

Abstract Owing to the advanced metering infrastructure and communication networks, modern power systems have gradually evolved into multidimensional heterogeneous cyber–physical power systems (CPPSs) with continuous coupling interactions between cyber systems and power systems. The rapid development of the cyber infrastructure is leading to a new era of high-level intelligence revolution; however, currently, CPPSs face newly emerging problems such as stability, vulnerability, reliability, and security. Exploring and resolving the nature of these problems while formulating corresponding solutions will depend on the modeling methods and investigation of interaction mechanisms in CPPSs. Accordingly, this study aims to systematically summarize the interaction models and corresponding solution methods in the current CPPS research. First, the interactive features of CPPSs are discussed, and their modeling mechanisms are elaborately reviewed and summarized from the viewpoints of graphic, mechanism, probability, and simulation. In particular, the applicability and characteristics of these models pertinent to specific research issues are discussed technically. Next, the crucial problem-solving strategies are analyzed and concluded comprehensively. Finally, the cutting-edge CPPS research in China is discussed, and the potential research directions in this field are highlighted.