Respiratory failure.

On the basis of research evidence, (1)(2) numerous diseases and conditions can impair gas exchange, resulting in failure to meet the body's metabolic demands and leading to respiratory failure. On the basis of consensus, (1)(2)(7)(8)(9)(10) the clinical presentations of respiratory failure depend on the underlying cause and the level of hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Early diagnosis, close monitoring, and timely intervention are of utmost importance. On the basis of research evidence, (5)(14)(25) interventions range from noninvasive methods, such as close monitoring and supplemental oxygen, to full respiratory support with mechanical ventilation and in extreme cases even the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

[1]  M. Beaussier,et al.  A Trial of Intraoperative Low-Tidal-Volume Ventilation in Abdominal Surgery , 2014 .

[2]  R. Kacmarek,et al.  Comparison of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in pediatric respiratory failure. , 2014, JAMA pediatrics.

[3]  M. Levy,et al.  Developing a New, National Approach to Surveillance for Ventilator-Associated Events* , 2013, Critical care medicine.

[4]  R. Lubrano,et al.  Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress in children with central nervous system disorders. , 2013, Respiratory medicine.

[5]  M. Antonelli,et al.  A meta-analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. , 2013, Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine.

[6]  M. Beaussier,et al.  A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  J. Hammer.  Acute respiratory failure in children. , 2013, Paediatric respiratory reviews.

[8]  K. Marohn,et al.  Noninvasive ventilation in pediatric intensive care , 2013, Current opinion in pediatrics.

[9]  E. Bancalari,et al.  Strategies to accelerate weaning from respiratory support. , 2013, Early human development.

[10]  I. Cheifetz,et al.  State of the art: strategies for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in respiratory failure , 2012, Expert review of respiratory medicine.

[11]  M. Tobin,et al.  Ventilatory failure, ventilator support, and ventilator weaning. , 2012, Comprehensive Physiology.

[12]  Daniele De Luca,et al.  Elective High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation versus Conventional Ventilation for Acute Pulmonary Dysfunction in Preterm Infants , 2012, Neonatology.

[13]  D. Hess,et al.  The Growing Role of Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation , 2012, Respiratory Care.

[14]  S. Russo,et al.  Lung opening and closing during ventilation of acute respiratory distress syndrome. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[15]  H. Eigen,et al.  Respiratory failure. , 2009, Pediatrics in review.

[16]  D. Traber,et al.  Pathophysiology, management and treatment of smoke inhalation injury , 2009, Expert review of respiratory medicine.

[17]  G. Gildengorin,et al.  A Prospective Study of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Children , 2009, Pediatrics.

[18]  W. Morgan,et al.  Chapter 10 – Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Approach to Common Problems , 2008 .

[19]  C. Sinderby,et al.  Proportional assist ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist--better approaches to patient ventilator synchrony? , 2008, Clinics in chest medicine.

[20]  S. Haley,et al.  Ventilator weaning outcomes in chronic respiratory failure in children , 2007, International journal of rehabilitation research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue internationale de recherches de readaptation.

[21]  S. Haley,et al.  Outcomes of post-acute hospital episodes for young children requiring airway support , 2007, Developmental neurorehabilitation.

[22]  S. Haley,et al.  Weaning children from mechanical ventilation in a post-acute care setting , 2006, Pediatric rehabilitation.

[23]  C. Roussos,et al.  Respiratory failure , 2003, European Respiratory Journal.

[24]  J. Tobias,et al.  Noninvasive Ventilation in Respiratory Failure Due to Cystic Fibrosis , 2000, Southern medical journal.

[25]  D. Schoenfeld,et al.  Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[26]  T. Corbridge,et al.  Management of respiratory failure in patients with asthma , 2000, Current opinion in pulmonary medicine.

[27]  F. Cools,et al.  Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[28]  E. Eber,et al.  Mini-Symposium: Paediatric Respiratory Emergencies Management of acute severe upper airway obstruction in children , 2013 .

[29]  R. Henning,et al.  Chapter 19 – Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome , 2008 .