Parenteral Nutrition in the Very-Low-BirthWeight Infant

In preterm infants an optimal nutritional supply must be provided early during the neonatal period. Indeed, undernutrition leads to growth retardation which may be hazardous for brain development (18). Growth rate is maximum during the last trimester of gestation and corresponds to about 60 cm/year (19). Therefore, contrary to young children, preterm infants after an arrest of growth, whatever the cause, cannot achieve a complete return to normal growth. This fact is clearly illustrated by the follow-up of very-small-for-gestational age infants in spite of a high protein, mineral, and energy intake. Oral nutrition alone cannot maintain adequate growth in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants because of their poor clinical condition and the immaturity of their gastrointestinal tract. Total or supplemental parenteral nutrition has been shown to improve the neonatal growth of VLBW infants by enhancing their caloric and nitrogen supply (4,24). In this chapter, we shall present some guidelines about nitrogen, amino acid, energy, and mineral intakes for infants on total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

[1]  D. Meuten,et al.  Disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. , 1982, The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice.

[2]  S. Zlotkin,et al.  The Development of Cystathionase Activity During the First Year of Life , 1982, Pediatric Research.

[3]  G. H. Anderson,et al.  Intravenous nitrogen and energy intakes required to duplicate in utero nitrogen accretion in prematurely born human infants. , 1981, The Journal of pediatrics.

[4]  M. H. Bryan,et al.  Cysteine supplementation to cysteine-free intravenous feeding regimens in newborn infants. , 1981, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  J. Rigo,et al.  Protein Requirements of Low Birth Weight Infants , 1981 .

[6]  T. Heim,et al.  Serum intralipid levels in neonates during parenteral nutrition: the relation to gestational age. , 1980, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[7]  S. Buchanan,et al.  Calcium and phosphate requirements of preterm infants who require prolonged hyperalimentation. , 1980, JAMA.

[8]  J. Rigo,et al.  Optimal threonine intake for preterm infants fed on oral or parenteral nutrition. , 1980, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[9]  A. Kuksis,et al.  Appearance and characterization of lipoprotein X during continuous intralipid infusions in the neonate. , 1979, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[10]  J. Frolich,et al.  Essential Fatty Acids and the Major Urinary Metabolites of the E Prostaglandins in Thriving Neonates and in Infants Receiving Parenteral Fat Emulsions , 1979, Pediatric Research.

[11]  W. Heird,et al.  A controlled trial of glucose versus glucose and amino acids in premature infants. , 1979, The Journal of pediatrics.

[12]  J. Rigo,et al.  Improvement of neonatal growth by parenteral nutrition in low-birth-weight infants. , 1979, Acta paediatrica Belgica.

[13]  R. Naeye,et al.  Effect of parenteral fat emulsion on the pulmonary and reticuloendothelial systems in the newborn infant. , 1978, Pediatrics.

[14]  F. Pohlandt.  Plasma amino acid concentrations in umbilical cord vein and artery of newborn infants after elective cesarean section or spontaneous delivery. , 1978, The Journal of pediatrics.

[15]  A. B. Jones.  Study of the use of total parenteral nutrition in neonates suffering from necrotizing enterocolitis , 1978 .

[16]  N. Sagawa,et al.  Umbilical vein-artery differences of plasma amino acids in the last trimester of human pregnancy. , 1978, Biology of the neonate.

[17]  H. Hers,et al.  Dangers of intravenous fructose and sorbitol. , 1978, Acta paediatrica Belgica.

[18]  D. Rassin,et al.  Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. III. Effects on sulfur amino acids in plasma and urine. , 1977, The Journal of pediatrics.

[19]  H Bryan,et al.  Intralipid-its rational use in parenteral nutrition of the newborn. , 1976, Pediatrics.

[20]  A. M. Ebeid,et al.  The effect of normalization of plasma amino acids on hepatic encephalopathy in man. , 1976, Surgery.

[21]  P. Wolff,et al.  Intellectual development after severe malnutrition in infancy. , 1974, Pediatrics.

[22]  N. Räihä.  Biochemical basis for nutritional management of preterm infants. , 1974, Pediatrics.

[23]  W. Heird,et al.  Total intravenous alimentation in low-birth-weight infants: a preliminary report. , 1972, The Journal of pediatrics.

[24]  H. Slatis,et al.  SCREENING NEWBORN INFANTS FOR PHENYLKETONURIA. , 1964, JAMA.

[25]  L. Lubchenco,et al.  INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AS ESTIMATED FROM LIVEBORN BIRTH-WEIGHT DATA AT 24 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATION. , 1963, Pediatrics.