Proteases in invasion: matrix metalloproteinases.

The role of proteases in general, and the matrix metalloproteinases in particular, in tumor invasion and metastasis is well established. However, the classic view that these enzymes simply provide a mechanism for the breakdown of connective tissue barriers has been challenged. This overview summarizes recent evidence to support the changing view of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. First we briefly review the central role of cell invasion in cancer progression and also the matrix metalloproteinase family members. We then focus on the emerging roles for these enzymes in cancer progression, including the role of matrix metalloproteinases in cell proliferation and release of growth factors, cell migration and in modification of the extracellular matrix to reveal cryptic sites that alter cell behaviour.

[1]  Z. Werb.  ECM and Cell Surface Proteolysis: Regulating Cellular Ecology , 1997, Cell.

[2]  John M. Whitelock,et al.  The Degradation of Human Endothelial Cell-derived Perlecan and Release of Bound Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor by Stromelysin, Collagenase, Plasmin, and Heparanases (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[3]  L. Liotta,et al.  Tumor cell invasion inhibited by TIMP-2. , 1991, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[4]  G Murphy,et al.  Proteolysis and cell migration: creating a path? , 1999, Current opinion in cell biology.

[5]  A. Poole,et al.  Differences in secretion of the proteinase cathepsin B at the edges of human breast carcinomas and fibroadenomas , 1978, Nature.

[6]  W. Stetler-Stevenson,et al.  In vitro suppression of programmed cell death of B cells by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1. , 1998, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[7]  Michael P. Sheetz,et al.  Selective regulation of integrin–cytoskeleton interactions by the tyrosine kinase Src , 1999, Nature Cell Biology.

[8]  A. Shinagawa,et al.  Cell growth-promoting activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2). , 1994, Journal of cell science.

[9]  L. Liotta,et al.  Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: An imbalance of positive and negative regulation , 1991, Cell.

[10]  William Arbuthnot Sir Lane,et al.  Endostatin: An Endogenous Inhibitor of Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth , 1997, Cell.

[11]  W. Stetler-Stevenson,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis: a moving target for therapeutic intervention. , 1999, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[12]  S. Weiss,et al.  Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Neovascularization by Acting as Pericellular Fibrinolysins , 1998, Cell.

[13]  B. C. Patterson,et al.  Angiostatin-converting Enzyme Activities of Human Matrilysin (MMP-7) and Gelatinase B/Type IV Collagenase (MMP-9)* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  D. Pinkel,et al.  The Stromal Proteinase MMP3/Stromelysin-1 Promotes Mammary Carcinogenesis , 1999, Cell.

[15]  Y. Itoh,et al.  MEMBRANE-TYPE MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES , 2017 .

[16]  H. Shimada,et al.  Inhibition of invasion and metastasis in cells transfected with an inhibitor of metalloproteinases. , 1992, Cancer research.

[17]  G. Davis,et al.  Regulation of tissue injury responses by the exposure of matricryptic sites within extracellular matrix molecules. , 2000, The American journal of pathology.

[18]  M. Hamaguchi,et al.  Tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial for growth signaling by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2) , 1996, FEBS letters.

[19]  Z. Werb,et al.  The matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-1 acts as a natural mammary tumor promoter , 2000, Oncogene.

[20]  Z. Werb,et al.  A Cellular Striptease Act , 1998, Science.

[21]  R. Khokha,et al.  Transgenic TIMP-1 inhibits simian virus 40 T antigen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by impairment of hepatocellular proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. , 1999, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[22]  Timo Sorsa,et al.  Tumor targeting with a selective gelatinase inhibitor , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[23]  W. Stetler-Stevenson,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases and metastasis , 1999, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.

[24]  Paul Polakis,et al.  The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of β-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors , 1999, Oncogene.

[25]  L. Liotta,et al.  Tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis. , 1993, Annual review of cell biology.

[26]  W. Stetler-Stevenson,et al.  Posttranscriptional stimulation of endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 1 by endothelioma cells. , 2000, Experimental cell research.

[27]  B. Gumbiner,et al.  Cell Adhesion: The Molecular Basis of Tissue Architecture and Morphogenesis , 1996, Cell.

[28]  K. Tanaka,et al.  Studies on the contribution of c-fos/AP-1 to arthritic joint destruction. , 1997, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[29]  H. Schnaper,et al.  Type IV collagenase(s) and TIMPs modulate endothelial cell morphogenesis in vitro , 1993, Journal of cellular physiology.

[30]  R. Muschel,et al.  Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression by a ribozyme blocks metastasis in a rat sarcoma model system. , 1996, Cancer research.

[31]  Daniel Choquet,et al.  Extracellular Matrix Rigidity Causes Strengthening of Integrin–Cytoskeleton Linkages , 1997, Cell.

[32]  P. Brown.  Clinical studies with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors , 1999, APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.

[33]  G. Giannelli,et al.  Induction of cell migration by matrix metalloprotease-2 cleavage of laminin-5. , 1997, Science.

[34]  B. Nielsen,et al.  Cancer invasion and tissue remodeling‐cooperation of protease systems and cell types , 1999, APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.

[35]  B. Fingleton,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases: biologic activity and clinical implications. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[36]  D. Lauffenburger,et al.  Cell Migration: A Physically Integrated Molecular Process , 1996, Cell.

[37]  T. Mitchison,et al.  Actin-Based Cell Motility and Cell Locomotion , 1996, Cell.

[38]  N. Tapon,et al.  Rho, Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. , 1997, Current opinion in cell biology.

[39]  I. Fidler,et al.  Macrophage-Derived Metalloelastase Is Responsible for the Generation of Angiostatin in Lewis Lung Carcinoma , 1997, Cell.

[40]  G. Li,et al.  Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 inhibits apoptosis of human breast epithelial cells. , 1999, Cancer research.

[41]  D. Hanahan,et al.  The Hallmarks of Cancer , 2000, Cell.

[42]  R. Pierce,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases generate angiostatin: effects on neovascularization. , 1998, Journal of immunology.

[43]  Gabriele Bergers,et al.  MMP-9/Gelatinase B Is a Key Regulator of Growth Plate Angiogenesis and Apoptosis of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes , 1998, Cell.

[44]  T. Kislinger,et al.  Blockade of RAGE–amphoterin signalling suppresses tumour growth and metastases , 2000, Nature.

[45]  J. Gibbs.  Mechanism-based target identification and drug discovery in cancer research. , 2000, Science.

[46]  W. Stetler-Stevenson,et al.  Localization of Matrix Metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the Surface of Invasive Cells by Interaction with Integrin αvβ3 , 1996, Cell.

[47]  M. Sheetz,et al.  Cell migration: regulation of force on extracellular-matrix-integrin complexes. , 1998, Trends in cell biology.

[48]  D. Cheresh,et al.  Disruption of Angiogenesis by PEX, a Noncatalytic Metalloproteinase Fragment with Integrin Binding Activity , 1998, Cell.

[49]  W. Stetler-Stevenson,et al.  Over‐expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP1 and TIMP2) suppresses extravasation of pulmonary metastasis of a rat bladder carcinoma , 1995, International journal of cancer.

[50]  T. Ishikawa,et al.  Matrilysin‐specific antisense oligonucleotide inhibits liver metastasis of human colon cancer cells in a nude mouse model , 1998, International journal of cancer.