Evaluation of Iron Levels to Avoid the Clinical Sequelae of Iron Overload

The success of transfusion therapy for the treatment of chronic anemia has resulted in the additional clinical challenge of managing iron overload and related morbidity and mortality issues. Effective chelation therapy can control iron levels, and regular assessment of body iron burden is crucial to guide initiation and ensure correct dosing of treatment. A range of techniques are now available that allow accurate assessment of iron burden through evaluation of serum ferritin levels, or the concentration of iron in key organs such as the liver and heart. Studies have enabled threshold values to be identified, above which the risk of serious clinical sequelae is increased.

[1]  Z. Cabantchik,et al.  LPI-labile plasma iron in iron overload. , 2005, Best practice & research. Clinical haematology.

[2]  S. Shalitin,et al.  Serum ferritin level as a predictor of impaired growth and puberty in thalassemia major patients , 2005, European journal of haematology.

[3]  T. S. St. Pierre,et al.  Noninvasive measurement and imaging of liver iron concentrations using proton magnetic resonance. , 2005, Blood.

[4]  E. Vichinsky,et al.  Progression of Organ Dysfunction in Iron Overloaded Patients with β Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease. , 2004 .

[5]  D. Pennell,et al.  Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance , 2004, British journal of haematology.

[6]  P. Jensen Evaluation of iron overload , 2004, British journal of haematology.

[7]  Marvin D Nelson,et al.  Myocardial iron loading in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease. , 2004, Blood.

[8]  N. Olivieri,et al.  Iron overload cardiomyopathies: New insights into an old disease , 1994, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy.

[9]  H. Eiskjaer,et al.  Evaluation of myocardial iron by magnetic resonance imaging during iron chelation therapy with deferrioxamine: indication of close relation between myocardial iron content and chelatable iron pool. , 2003, Blood.

[10]  G. Mufti,et al.  Guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of adult myelodysplastic syndromes , 2003, British journal of haematology.

[11]  F. Jensen,et al.  Relationship between hepatocellular injury and transfusional iron overload prior to and during iron chelation with desferrioxamine: a study in adult patients with acquired anemias. , 2003, Blood.

[12]  D N Firmin,et al.  Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. , 2001, European heart journal.

[13]  J. Porter Practical management of iron overload , 2001, British journal of haematology.

[14]  N. Olivieri,et al.  Secondary iron overload. , 2001, Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program.

[15]  W. Breuer,et al.  The importance of non-transferrin bound iron in disorders of iron metabolism. , 2000, Transfusion science.

[16]  A. Hoffbrand,et al.  Hepatic iron concentration combined with long‐term monitoring of serum ferritin to predict complications of iron overload in thalassaemia major , 2000, British journal of haematology.

[17]  C. McLaren,et al.  Hepatic iron concentration and total body iron stores in thalassemia major. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  C. Lok,et al.  The transferrin receptor: role in health and disease. , 1999, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[19]  N. Olivieri The β-Thalassemias , 1999 .

[20]  D. Karcher,et al.  Bone marrow macrophage iron grade and survival of HIV-seropositive patients. , 1999, AIDS.

[21]  N. Andrews Disorders of iron metabolism. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[22]  G. Link,et al.  Pathophysiology of Iron Overload a , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[23]  A. Piperno Classification and diagnosis of iron overload. , 1998, Haematologica.

[24]  G. Brittenham,et al.  Iron-chelating therapy and the treatment of thalassemia. , 1997, Blood.

[25]  R. Abeysinghe,et al.  Kinetics of removal and reappearance of non-transferrin-bound plasma iron with deferoxamine therapy. , 1996, Blood.

[26]  A. Piga,et al.  Results of long-term iron-chelating therapy. , 1996, Acta haematologica.

[27]  G. Koren,et al.  Iron-chelation therapy with oral deferiprone in patients with thalassemia major. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  J. H. MacMillan,et al.  Survival in Medically Treated Patients with Homozygous β-Thalassemia , 1994 .

[29]  S. Baruchel,et al.  Dose of desferrioxamine and evolution of HIV‐1 infection in thalassaemic patients , 1994, British journal of haematology.

[30]  G. Faa,et al.  Effect of iron overload on the response to recombinant interferon-alfa treatment in transfusion-dependent patients with thalassemia major and chronic hepatitis C. , 1994, The Journal of pediatrics.

[31]  C. McLaren,et al.  Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major , 1993, American journal of hematology.

[32]  M. El-Hazmi,et al.  Endocrine functions in sickle cell anaemia patients. , 1992, Journal of tropical pediatrics.

[33]  B. Modell,et al.  Thalassemia in Britain and Australia. , 1976, Birth defects original article series.

[34]  D. Flynn,et al.  The relation between liver iron concentration and liver damage in transfusional iron overload in thalassaemia and the effect of chelation therapy. , 1973, Gut.

[35]  C. B. Modell Management of thalassaemia major. , 1976, Archives of disease in childhood.