Temporal summation of visual motion

The sensitivity of the visual system to changes in velocity over time was investigated using the approach that Rashbass [(1970) Journal of Physiology, 210, 165-186] applied to luminance. Pairs of motion impulses (jumps) were presented, and thresholds for discriminating these pairs of impulses from a stationary display were determined. The results were consistent with a model that posits linear filtering of the input velocity, squaring, and integration over some duration. According to the model, the degree of interaction between the impulses reveals the autocorrelation of the impulse response of the motion system. The data were well fit by a three-element cascade of leaky integrators. In the temporal frequency domain, the visual motion system is a lowpass filter. This means that the visual system is quite insensitive to acceleration.

[1]  W. Simpson,et al.  Depth Discrimination from Optic Flow , 1988, Perception.

[2]  W. Reichardt,et al.  Autocorrelation, a principle for the evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system , 1961 .

[3]  Robert Sekuler,et al.  Human Vision Favors Centrifugal Motion , 1980, Perception.

[4]  Ken Nakayama,et al.  Biological image motion processing: A review , 1985, Vision Research.

[5]  G. Weiss,et al.  Differential Equations of Applied Mathematics , 1966 .

[6]  L. Kaufman,et al.  Handbook of perception and human performance , 1986 .

[7]  Walter F. Bischof,et al.  On the confounding effects of phosphor persistence in oscilloscopic displays , 1993, Vision Research.

[8]  M A Georgeson,et al.  Apparent Foveofugal Drift of Counterphase Gratings , 1978, Perception.

[9]  A Pantle,et al.  Discontinuity limits for the generation of visual motion aftereffects with sine- and square-wave gratings. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[10]  T. Radil,et al.  Selective directional sensitivity in visual motion perception , 1991, Vision Research.

[11]  H. Levitt.  Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. , 1971, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[12]  B Julesz,et al.  Cooperative and non-cooperative processes of apparent movement of random-dot cinematograms. , 1985, Spatial vision.

[13]  E H Adelson,et al.  Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[14]  S P McKee,et al.  Motion interference in speed discrimination. , 1989, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[15]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Detection and discrimination of sinusoidal grating displacements. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[16]  D. M. Green,et al.  Signal detection theory and psychophysics , 1966 .

[17]  Robert N. McDonough,et al.  Detection of signals in noise , 1971 .

[18]  O. J. Braddick,et al.  Extension of displacement limits in multiple-exposure sequences of apparent motion , 1989, Vision Research.

[19]  C. Rashbass.  The visibility of transient changes of luminance , 1970, The Journal of physiology.

[20]  V. Sapirstein,et al.  Binding of aldosterone by mitochondria-rich cells of the toad urinary bladder , 1975, Nature.

[21]  S. McKee,et al.  Sequential recruitment in the discrimination of velocity. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[22]  V. Lollo,et al.  Temporal characteristics of iconic memory , 1977, Nature.

[23]  O. Braddick,et al.  The combination of motion signals over time , 1989, Vision Research.

[24]  B. Julesz,et al.  Displacement limits for spatial frequency filtered random-dot cinematograms in apparent motion , 1983, Vision Research.

[25]  R. Gottsdanker,et al.  Identifying the acceleration of visual targets. , 1961, British journal of psychology.

[26]  D. Regan,et al.  Figure-ground segregation by motion contrast and by luminance contrast. , 1984, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[27]  P. Werkhoven,et al.  Visual processing of optic acceleration , 1992, Vision Research.

[28]  Lennart Ljung,et al.  System Identification: Theory for the User , 1987 .

[29]  O. Braddick,et al.  The temporal integration and resolution of velocity signals , 1991, Vision Research.

[30]  Andrew P. Duchon,et al.  The human visual system averages speed information , 1992, Vision Research.

[31]  J A Perrone,et al.  Anisotropic responses to motion toward and away from the eye , 1986, Perception & psychophysics.

[32]  K. Nakayama,et al.  Temporal and spatial characteristics of the upper displacement limit for motion in random dots , 1984, Vision Research.

[33]  Michael H. Kutner.  Applied Linear Statistical Models , 1974 .

[34]  S. Mateeff,et al.  Perceptual latencies are shorter for motion towards the fovea than for motion away , 1988, Vision Research.

[35]  H. Glünder.  Correlative velocity estimation: visual motion analysis, independent of object form, in arrays of velocity-tuned bilocal detectors. , 1990, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[36]  O. Braddick.  A short-range process in apparent motion. , 1974, Vision research.

[37]  Randolph Blake,et al.  Phase effects in monoptic and dichoptic temporal integration: Flicker and motion detection , 1981, Vision Research.

[38]  V. Lollo,et al.  Perception of directional sampled motion in relation to displacement and spatial frequency: Evidence for a unitary motion system , 1990, Vision Research.

[39]  Andrew B. Watson,et al.  A look at motion in the frequency domain , 1983 .

[40]  E. Adelson,et al.  Directionally selective complex cells and the computation of motion energy in cat visual cortex , 1992, Vision Research.

[41]  Gary Finley,et al.  A high-speed point plotter for vision research , 1985, Vision Research.

[42]  Peter E. Kennedy.  A Guide to Econometrics , 1979 .

[43]  Displacement thresholds for unidirectional and oscillatory movement , 1981, Vision Research.

[44]  M. J. Usher.  Information Theory for Information Technologists , 1984 .

[45]  C. Baker,et al.  Optimal displacement in apparent motion , 1989, Vision Research.

[46]  Patrick Cavanagh,et al.  Visual persistence of figures defined by relative motion , 1992, Vision Research.

[47]  J J Koenderink,et al.  Perception of Movement and Correlation in Stroboscopically Presented Noise Patterns , 1985, Perception.