Progress in Imaging COPD, 2004 - 2014.

Computed tomography (CT) has contributed substantially to our understanding of COPD over the past decade. Visual and quantitative assessments of CT in COPD are complementary. Visual assessment should provide assessment of centrilobular, panlobular and paraseptal emphysema, airway wall thickening, bronchiectasis, findings of respiratory bronchiolitis, and enlargement of the pulmonary artery. Quantitative CT permits evaluation of severity of emphysema, airway wall thickening, and expiratory air trapping, and is now being used for longitudinal evaluation of the progression of COPD. Innovative techniques are being developed to use CT to characterize the pattern of emphysema and smoking- related respiratory bronchiolitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography PET-CT are useful research tools in the evaluation of COPD.

[1]  A. Gulsvik,et al.  Quantitative CT measures of emphysema and airway wall thickness are related to D(L)CO. , 2011, Respiratory medicine.

[2]  L. Tanoue,et al.  Identification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Lung Cancer Screening Computed Tomographic Scans , 2012 .

[3]  B Suki,et al.  Complexity of terminal airspace geometry assessed by lung computed tomography in normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  Edwin K Silverman,et al.  Quantitative Computed Tomography of the Lungs and Airways in Healthy Nonsmoking Adults , 2012, Investigative radiology.

[5]  Benjamin M. Smith,et al.  Establishing Normal Reference Values in Quantitative Computed Tomography of Emphysema , 2013, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[6]  W. M. Foster,et al.  Perfluoropropane gas as a magnetic resonance lung imaging contrast agent in humans. , 2013, Chest.

[7]  Jonathan G Goldin,et al.  Emphysema: effect of reconstruction algorithm on CT imaging measures. , 2004, Radiology.

[8]  Dmitriy A Yablonskiy,et al.  In vivo detection of acinar microstructural changes in early emphysema with (3)He lung morphometry. , 2011, Radiology.

[9]  Miranda Kirby,et al.  Lung morphometry using hyperpolarized 129Xe apparent diffusion coefficient anisotropy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2013, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[10]  Asger Dirksen,et al.  Quantitative computed tomography measures of emphysema and airway wall thickness are related to respiratory symptoms. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[11]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Systems for lung volume standardization during static and dynamic MDCT-based quantitative assessment of pulmonary structure and function. , 2012, Academic radiology.

[12]  N. Müller,et al.  "Density mask". An objective method to quantitate emphysema using computed tomography. , 1988, Chest.

[13]  P. Gevenois,et al.  Pulmonary emphysema: radiation dose and section thickness at multidetector CT quantification--comparison with macroscopic and microscopic morphometry. , 2007, Radiology.

[14]  M. Mascalchi,et al.  Comparison of Spirometric‐Gated and ‐Ungated HRCT in COPD , 2003, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[15]  Nicola A Hanania,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes. , 2011, Radiology.

[16]  Lisa M LaVange,et al.  Design of the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) , 2013, Thorax.

[17]  P. Gevenois,et al.  Pulmonary emphysema: objective quantification at multi-detector row CT--comparison with macroscopic and microscopic morphometry. , 2006, Radiology.

[18]  David O Wilson,et al.  Quantitative Computed Tomography Analysis, Airflow Obstruction, and Lung Cancer in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study , 2011, Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

[19]  Raúl San José Estépar,et al.  Distinct quantitative computed tomography emphysema patterns are associated with physiology and function in smokers. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[20]  Carla G. Wilson,et al.  Relationships between airflow obstruction and quantitative CT measurements of emphysema, air trapping, and airways in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2013, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[21]  R. Stockley,et al.  Physiological and radiological characterisation of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care , 2000, Thorax.

[22]  Marleen de Bruijne,et al.  Toward automatic regional analysis of pulmonary function using inspiration and expiration thoracic CT. , 2012, Medical physics.

[23]  Joyce D. Schroeder,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: lobe-based visual assessment of volumetric CT by Using standard images--comparison with quantitative CT and pulmonary function test in the COPDGene study. , 2013, Radiology.

[24]  Raúl San José Estépar,et al.  Identification of early interstitial lung disease in smokers from the COPDGene Study. , 2010, Academic radiology.

[25]  Johan H C Reiber,et al.  Variability in Densitometric Assessment of Pulmonary Emphysema With Computed Tomography , 2005, Investigative radiology.

[26]  D. Lynch,et al.  Interstitial lung abnormalities in a CT lung cancer screening population: prevalence and progression rate. , 2013, Radiology.

[27]  A A Bankier,et al.  Pulmonary emphysema: subjective visual grading versus objective quantification with macroscopic morphometry and thin-section CT densitometry. , 1999, Radiology.

[28]  P. Gevenois,et al.  Pulmonary emphysema: size distribution of emphysematous spaces on multidetector CT images--comparison with macroscopic and microscopic morphometry. , 2008, Radiology.

[29]  B. van Ginneken,et al.  Computed Tomography Structural Lung Changes in Discordant Airflow Limitation , 2013, PloS one.

[30]  D. Postma,et al.  Rate of progression of CT-quantified emphysema in male current and ex-smokers: a follow-up study , 2013, Respiratory Research.

[31]  B C Stoel,et al.  Towards local progression estimation of pulmonary emphysema using CT. , 2014, Medical physics.

[32]  R. Stockley,et al.  Assessment of pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation in emphysema by quantitative positron emission tomography. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[33]  J. Mugler,et al.  Lung injury induced by secondhand smoke exposure detected with hyperpolarized helium‐3 diffusion MR , 2014, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[34]  Joyce D. Schroeder,et al.  Automated texture-based quantification of centrilobular nodularity and centrilobular emphysema in chest CT images. , 2012, Academic radiology.

[35]  Marleen de Bruijne,et al.  Short-term effect of changes in smoking behaviour on emphysema quantification by CT , 2010, Thorax.

[36]  A. Dirksen,et al.  Exploring the role of CT densitometry: a randomised study of augmentation therapy in α1-antitrypsin deficiency , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[37]  H. Kauczor,et al.  Visualization of morphological parenchymal changes in emphysema: comparison of different MRI sequences to 3D-HRCT. , 2010, European journal of radiology.

[38]  E. Regan,et al.  Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) Study Design , 2011, COPD.

[39]  Stefano Diciotti,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of pulmonary emphysema in smokers and former smokers. A densitometric study of participants in the ITALUNG trial , 2008, European Radiology.

[40]  A. Gulsvik,et al.  Quantitative computed tomography: emphysema and airway wall thickness by sex, age and smoking , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[41]  B. van Ginneken,et al.  Normal range of emphysema and air trapping on CT in young men. , 2012, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[42]  R. Rizi,et al.  Regional correlation of emphysematous changes in lung function and structure: a comparison between pulmonary function testing and hyperpolarized MRI metrics. , 2011, Journal of applied physiology.

[43]  Henrietta Creasy,et al.  Pulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPD , 2013, Thorax.

[44]  B. Stoel,et al.  Therapeutic efficacy of alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy on the loss of lung tissue: an integrated analysis of 2 randomised clinical trials using computed tomography densitometry , 2010, Respiratory research.

[45]  H. Kauczor,et al.  Fully automatic quantitative assessment of emphysema in computed tomography: comparison with pulmonary function testing and normal values , 2009, European Radiology.

[46]  Hans-Ulrich Kauczor,et al.  MRI of the lung: state of the art. , 2012, Diagnostic and interventional radiology.

[47]  Miranda Kirby,et al.  Hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe MR imaging in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2012, Radiology.

[48]  Joyce D. Schroeder,et al.  A Combined Pulmonary-Radiology Workshop for Visual Evaluation of COPD: Study Design, Chest CT Findings and Concordance with Quantitative Evaluation , 2012, COPD.

[49]  J. Gurney,et al.  The correlation of emphysema or airway obstruction with the risk of lung cancer: a matched case-controlled study , 2002, European Respiratory Journal.

[50]  A. Alavi,et al.  In vivo quantification of pulmonary inflammation in relation to emphysema severity via partial volume corrected (18)F-FDG-PET using computer-assisted analysis of diagnostic chest CT. , 2013, Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine.

[51]  H. Coxson,et al.  Pulmonary ventilation visualized using hyperpolarized helium-3 and xenon-129 magnetic resonance imaging: differences in COPD and relationship to emphysema. , 2013, Journal of applied physiology.

[52]  Johan H C Reiber,et al.  Volume correction in computed tomography densitometry for follow-up studies on pulmonary emphysema. , 2008, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society.

[53]  I. Pavord,et al.  The Role of CT Scanning in Multidimensional Phenotyping of COPD , 2011, Chest.

[54]  Takeshi Yoshikawa,et al.  Emphysema quantification by low-dose CT: potential impact of adaptive iterative dose reduction using 3D processing. , 2012, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[55]  Naoki Nagasawa,et al.  CT of the chest with model-based, fully iterative reconstruction: comparison with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction , 2013, BMC Medical Imaging.

[56]  J. Nakajima,et al.  Direct imaging of hyperpolarized 129Xe alveolar gas uptake in a mouse model of emphysema , 2013, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[57]  Ralf Tetzlaff,et al.  Proton magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of lung function and respiratory dynamics. , 2007, European journal of radiology.

[58]  P. Gevenois,et al.  Pulmonary emphysema: effect of lung volume on objective quantification at thin-section CT. , 2010, Radiology.

[59]  B. Stoel,et al.  Rapid Fall in Lung Density Following Smoking Cessation in COPD , 2011, COPD.

[60]  Eric A Hoffman,et al.  Development of Quantitative Computed Tomography Lung Protocols , 2013, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[61]  B. Stoel,et al.  Repeatability of Lung Density Measurements with Low-Dose Computed Tomography in Subjects with &agr;-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency–Associated Emphysema , 2001, Investigative radiology.

[62]  M. Prokop,et al.  The effect of iterative reconstruction on computed tomography assessment of emphysema, air trapping and airway dimensions , 2012, European Radiology.

[63]  Ella A. Kazerooni,et al.  CT-based Biomarker Provides Unique Signature for Diagnosis of COPD Phenotypes and Disease Progression , 2012, Nature Medicine.

[64]  M. Martínez-García,et al.  Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients with COPD. , 2011, Chest.

[65]  David O Wilson,et al.  Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. , 2008, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[66]  Stefano Diciotti,et al.  Whole-lung densitometry versus visual assessment of emphysema , 2009, European Radiology.

[67]  J. Mayo.  CT evaluation of diffuse infiltrative lung disease: dose considerations and optimal technique. , 2009, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[68]  Dmitriy A Yablonskiy,et al.  Emphysema Quantification in Inflation-Fixed Lungs Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography and 3He Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2010, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[69]  Yasutaka Nakano,et al.  The prediction of small airway dimensions using computed tomography. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[70]  Jan Wolber,et al.  Direct visualisation of collateral ventilation in COPD with hyperpolarised gas MRI , 2011, Thorax.

[71]  Asger Dirksen,et al.  Monitoring the progress of emphysema by repeat computed tomography scans with focus on noise reduction. , 2008, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society.

[72]  Courtney Crim,et al.  The presence and progression of emphysema in COPD as determined by CT scanning and biomarker expression: a prospective analysis from the ECLIPSE study. , 2013, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[73]  David A Lynch,et al.  Quantitative Computed Tomography in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2013, Journal of thoracic imaging.

[74]  S Kingshighway,et al.  Quantitative CT assessment of emphysema and airways in relation to lung cancer risk , 2012 .

[75]  Jin Mo Goo,et al.  Quantitative analysis of emphysema and airway measurements according to iterative reconstruction algorithms: comparison of filtered back projection, adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction and model-based iterative reconstruction , 2014, European Radiology.

[76]  Bram van Ginneken,et al.  Monitoring of smoking-induced emphysema with CT in a lung cancer screening setting: detection of real increase in extent of emphysema. , 2007, Radiology.

[77]  D. Torigian,et al.  Computational analysis of thoracic multidetector row HRCT for segmentation and quantification of small airway air trapping and emphysema in obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2011, Academic radiology.